Abbott, J. C. (1789-1863), Anglican missionary. His works on Canadian life and conditions, 12 542-3.

Abbott, Sir John Joseph Caldwell (1821-93), prime minister of Canada (1891-2). His part in the Pacific Scandal, 6 56-57;

  confers with Colonial Office on Letellier case, 15 186;

  as prime minister, 6 119-20;

  imports Guernsey cattle, 7 658.

Abercromby, James, major-general. At Albany, 1 251;

  defeated at Ticonderoga, 265-7.

Aberdeen, George Hamilton-Gordon, fourth Earl of (1784-1860), statesman. And the Oregon boundary question, 8 862, 865;

  why he abated his claims in Oregon, 869 and n.;

  offers fishing privileges to Americans in Bay of Fundy, 688-9.

Aberdeen, John Campbell Hamilton-Gordon, seventh Earl of (b. 1847), governor-general of Canada (1893-8). Refuses assent to ministerial nominations, 6 300.

Abnakis (Abenakis), Indian tribe. Jesuit mission to the, 2 386;

  French influence over, 365, 388;

  subjugated by British, 369;

  their settlement destroyed by Rogers, 1 275-6.

Aborigines Protection Society. Purchases Lennox Island, 5 362.

Aboukir Bay. British victory at, celebrated by a Te Deum at Quebec, 15 101.

Abyssinian. Canadian Navigation Company’s steamboat, 10 539.

Acadia.

  Special Article: Settlements and Early History, 13 15-66;

  traditions of Norse exploration, 15-16;

  Cabot’s discovery of Cape Breton Island, 16;

  first explorers of, 17;

  system of government under de Monts, 2 317;

  misconceptions as to climate and resources of, 13 17;

  spheres of influence in, 49;

  British expedition against Manhattan diverted to, 51;

  seigneurial grants in, 52-54, 59;

  no land now held by descent from seigneurial title, 53;

  Dutch territorial claims in, 54;

  proposed highway to Canada from, 2 488;

  Louis XIV’s interest in, 13 55;

  conflicts between officials in, and their effect, 2 487;

  its trade with Canada, 487-8;

  grievances of officials, 13 60-61;

  indifference of rival powers to, 64;

  the British claim to ownership by right of discovery, 14 436;

  changes in ownership, 436;

  ceded to Great Britain by Treaty of Utrecht, 1 201, 2 364;

  undefined boundaries of a source of friction, 1 201, 245, 2 365.

  See also Acadians.

Acadia.

  (1) Yarmouth brig, 10 581.

  (2) Sarnia-Lake Superior liner, 10 546.

  (3) Cunard steamship, 10 597.

Acadia Charcoal Iron Works. Operations of in Colchester County, 14 687.

Acadia Coal Company, 14 678-9, 682.

Acadia College. Its foundation and development, 11 351, 357, 13 288-9, 14 517;

  its successive presidents, 11 357-8.

Acadia Seminary for girls, 14 517.

Acadian. Lakes freighter, 10 557.

Acadian Magazine. Founded (1826), 13 244.

Acadians.

  Special Articles:

    Settlements and Early History, 13 15-66;

    Nova Scotia under English Rule, 69-124.

  The original stock, 13 41;

  at Port Royal, 14 646;

  effect of environment in country of origin on, 13 41;

  migrations to Cape Breton, 1 208;

  their religion a bar to self-government, 13 69;

  method of election and duties of deputies, 70;

  differ from French of Quebec, 71;

  their litigious temper, 71, 76, 77-78;

  industries of, 72, 14 646;

  government’s vacillation in respect of, 13 73;

  oath administered to, 74;

  as neutrals refuse to renew the oath, 74, 91-94, 115;

  crown attempts to collect feudal dues from, 75;

  refuse to accept ‘Boston money,’ 75;

  the rent-gatherers, 75;

  warned to summon defendants, 77;

  quarrels over boundaries, 78;

  oppose government surveys, 79;

  the Expulsion, 11 255, 13 88-90, 93-94, 98;

  British influence undermined by missionary priests, 91-92;

  their equivocal position as ‘neutrals,’ 92;

  resolution enjoining deportation, 94;

  preparations for the measure, 94;

  their expatriation (1755), 1 244, 245 and n., 13 95-97;

  number deported and destinations of those who escaped, 97;

  Lawrence’s description of their lands, 14 647;

  expulsion followed by Indian outrages, 13 98-99;

  efforts to return frustrated, 114;

  engage in privateering, 114-5;

  captured at Cape Sable and sent to England, 114;

  surrender at Fort Frederick, 115;

  number taken prisoner at Chaleur Bay, 115;

  their concentration at Halifax, 115;

  an attempt at deportation that failed, 115;

  an emigration to Hayti, 115-6;

  their deportation, 11 31, 13 116;

  their numbers, (1671) 52, (1683) 2 488, (1686) 13 55;

  increase between 1714 and 1755, 72;

  number in New Brunswick, (1755) 128;

  in Nova Scotia, (1763) 11 27, (1764) 13 116, (1768) 117;

  volunteer for service, 117, 218, 252;

  their agricultural settlements in Nova Scotia, 14 645-6;

  settle near Quebec and Montreal, 15 53.

  Prince Edward Island:

    migrations to, 7 655, 13 311, 312, 315, 317-9;

    diverse opinions on, 318;

    privations and sufferings of, 319;

    the expulsion, 101, 321-9;

    give hostages, 322-3;

    their inoffensiveness, 323;

    oath-taking by, 326;

    foundering of a transport, 327-9.

  New Brunswick:

    growth of settlement, 128, 188-90, 14 404-5;

    litigation over lands at Memramcook, 13 190;

    increase in, 193;

    favour separate school system, 14 422;

    School Act most beneficial to, 422.

  See also Acadia.

Accommodation. First Canadian steamboat, her initial trip (Nov. 3, 1809), 10 494-5.

Achilles. Transport wrecked while conveying Acadians to St Malo, 13 328.

Actonvale. Effect of mining operations on agricultural development in, 16 586.

Adams, John (1735-1826), American statesman. Assists in negotiating Treaty of Versailles, 3 116, 8 752-3, 797;

  and the British North American fisheries, 685;

  on the Mitchell map, 757, 761;

  recommends forming a post at mouth of Columbia, 861.

Adams, John Quincy (1767-1848), American statesman. Signs Treaty of Ghent (1814), 8 771;

  and the British North American fisheries, 683, 685;

  and Russia’s claims in Bering Sea, 727-8;

  his territorial demands on Pacific Coast, 843;

  his naïve offer to Great Britain, 850, 851;

  on Nootka Convention, 852 n.;

  and Alaska boundary negotiations, 919.

Adams, Samuel (1722-1803), American statesman. His antipathy to British rule, 13 132.

Adams, William (1772-1851). British signatory to Treaty of Ghent (1814), 8 771.

Adams. American armed brig, surrendered at Detroit, 3 224.

Addington, Henry, first Viscount Sidmouth (1757-1844), British statesman. Proposes to settle disbanded Glengarries in Trinidad, 17 67.

Addington, Henry Unwin (1790-1870). Negotiates boundary convention with United States, 8 791-2, 845.

Addison, Robert (c. 1775-1829). Anglican clergyman at Niagara, 11 222;

  conducts a private school, 18 349.

Adet, Pierre Auguste (1763-1832), French minister to United States. His intrigues in Canada, 3 153;

  recalled, 154.

Admiral. Steamer on Toronto-Rochester route, 10 540.

Adolphustown, Township of. Loyalist settlement of, 17 25;

  school established at, before 1790, 18 278.

Advance.

  (1) Sails on Franklin search expedition (1850), 5 301.

  (2) Lakes freighter, 10 556.

Adventists. A religious sect, 11 399.

Adventure.

  (1) Sails with Radisson for Hudson Bay, 1 175.

  (2) Lake war vessel, 10 488.

Advocates’ Library, Montreal. Founded (1828), 16 469.

A. E. Ames. Lakes freighter, 10 557.

Aernouts, Dutch buccaneer. Raids Acadia, 13 54.

Africa.

  (1) Ship on which Captain Dacres was court-martialled at Halifax, 13 257.

  (2) Cunard steamship, 10 599.

Agawa. Lakes freighter, 10 557.

‘Agricola.’ See Young, John.

Agricultural Bank. Founded (1834), 4 629;

  first to allow interest on deposits, 630.

Agricultural Education and State Aid.

  General:

    encouragement given to organization, 7 664;

    first provincial boards, 665;

    federal department, 6 333-4;

    bureau of Agriculture and Statistics, 7 665;

    Dominion Council formed, 666;

    experimental farms, 667-9;

    seed distribution, 668;

    Dairy Commissioner’s department, 669-74;

    Exhibition branch, 675;

    development of state aid, 9 180-1;

    Grain Board formed, 10 472.

  Quebec:

    department created, 16 522;

    its organization and work, 15 232-3;

    publications, societies, and schools, 16 521-3, 524, 525;

    the Agricultural Missionaries, 524-5;

    dairymen’s associations and schools, 526-7.

  Nova Scotia:

    first societies, 14 649;

    provincial department, 463-4;

    schools, 649-50;

    Agricultural College and its courses, 650-1.

  New Brunswick:

    department of Agriculture, 488;

    societies and organizations, 664-8.

  Prince Edward Island:

    government aid in improvement of live stock, 14 660-1;

    educational work, 661;

    organizations, 663.

  Ontario:

    King’s Mills erected, 18 553-4;

    first agricultural society, 555;

    beginning of organization and first provincial grants, 559-61;

    organization from 1846, 562-82;

    periodicals, 568;

    commissioner’s reports (1868, 1869), 570;

    Commission of 1880, 572-3;

    department of Agriculture, 17 232-5;

    farm forestry supervision, 234.

  Prairie Provinces: educational work, 20 344-5.

  Manitoba: 535-7.

  Saskatchewan:

    colonization, 19 178-9;

    education, 20 466, 469-70, 565, 567-9;

    experimental farms, 560-1, 579;

    provincial department, 563;

    farm credits, 325;

    legislation, 563;

    stock-breeders’ organizations, 564;

    provincial and federal aid, 564-5.

  Alberta: organizations and government aid, 593, 602.

  British Columbia:

    first exhibitions, 22 537-8;

    legislative acts and agriculture, 541-52;

    the department, 546-7;

    Horticultural Board Act passed, 547;

    legislation affecting agriculture (1872-1910), 544-6;

    co-operative associations, 547-8;

    Agricultural Credit Associations Act, 1898, 548.

Agricultural Industries.

  Potash:

    its manufacture under British régime, 4 528;

    petition for bounty on, 7 663;

    exports from Upper Canada (1797), 4 556.

  Meat-packing:

    an eighteenth-century anticipation of the industry, 2 504 and n.;

    its development, 9 124, 188, 253;

    specialized industries, 181-2, 253-4, 16 517;

    abattoirs in Saskatchewan, 20 572-3.

  See Milling.

Agriculture.

  Special Articles:

    National Aid to the Farm, 7 651-77;

    Three Centuries of in Quebec, 16 505-27;

    in Maritime Provinces, 14 637-68;

    History of Farming in Ontario, 18 551-82;

    Economic Resources of Manitoba, 20 509-37;

    in Saskatchewan, 546-54, 558-80;

    in Alberta, 583-96;

    History of Farming in British Columbia, 22 525-52.

  New France:

    experiments conducted by Champlain, 1 56;

    the first habitants, 16 505-7;

    land cleared, (1630) 2 455 n., (1759) 584;

    increase in cultivated land (1720-30), 15 54;

    resumption of uncleared land, 2 459;

    rotation of crops to be encouraged, 469-70;

    crops grown in seventeenth century, 16 512-3;

    begins to pay after 1665, 15 54;

    retail of tobacco forbidden, 2 481;

    tobacco exported to La Rochelle, 15 55;

    cultivation of tobacco, 2 510;

    military service detrimental to, 510;

    retarded by conditions, 511-2, 560-1;

    effect of fur trade on, 541-2;

    land clearing and tillage, 16 515-7;

    its slow growth, 2 541-3;

    first lands cleared between Quebec and Montreal, 559;

    farm boundary disputes, 576;

    Peter Kalm’s account of (1749), 580-1.

  Quebec:

    Governor Murray’s report (1762), 4 525;

    its revival, 529;

    Hessian fly devastation and result, 15 191;

    contemporary colonization, 16 511;

    three divisions of climate and temperature, 511-2;

    gloomy period (1760-1850), 517-8;

    farmers’ homes, implements, and clothing, 518-21;

    progress since 1853, 523-5;

    position of farming (1896-1912), 9 244.

  Maritime Provinces:

    climate and geography, 14 637;

    temperatures and precipitation, 637-8.

  Nova Scotia:

    geology and agriculture, 639-41;

    statistics of area and occupancy, 644, 651-2;

    areas suitable for, 644-5;

    lines of settlement, 645-8;

    backward condition, 648;

    plague of mice (1815), 13 260;

    ‘the year without a summer’ (1816), 260;

    letters of ‘Agricola,’ 265-7, 14 649;

    recent immigration, 651;

    ‘weevil’ pest, 386;

    types of farming, 653;

    principal crops, 653-4;

    yields per acre, 654;

    market gardening, 654.

  New Brunswick:

    first settlers and, 13 183;

    premature frosts of 1804, 185;

    ‘the year without a summer’ (1816), 187-8;

    geological areas, 14 641-3;

    statistics of area and occupancy, 663;

    climatic conditions, 663;

    history of, 663-5;

    types of farming, 665-6;

    crops and average yields, 666-7.

  Prince Edward Island:

    geology and, 643-4;

    climatic conditions, 657-8;

    statistics of occupancy, 658;

    history, 658-61;

    mussel mud as a fertilizer, 659-60;

    types of farming, 661-2.

  Ontario:

    area and acreage occupied and assessed, 18 551;

    effect of Great Lakes on, 551;

    as influenced by geology, 551-2;

    early settlement, 552-5;

    work of loyalists, 553-4;

    retarded by War of 1812, 554-5;

    expansion (1816-46), 556-62;

    first British immigration, 556-7;

    nationality as shown in types of farm buildings and speech, 557;

    statistics of occupancy, 558;

    primitive implements of pioneers, 559;

    products of early settlers, 559;

    introduction and development of machinery, 561, 563-4, 570;

    first reaping-machines, 564, 565;

    development (1846-67), 565-9;

    a half-century of British immigration, 568-9;

    depression before Confederation, 569;

    growth of scientific farming (1867-88), 569-74;

    modern period, 9 244, 18 574-82;

    gain in British market offsets loss in the United States, 574-5;

    development after 1895, 575-6;

    farm values (1885-1909), 576;

    intensive cultivation, 578-9;

    province’s leadership in, 9 104, 183.

  Prairie Provinces:

    homestead entries and the area surveyed up to 1901, 20 298, 300, 304;

    areas granted out of public lands, 304, 314;

    total acreage and extent of surveyed area, 314;

    unsurveyed areas suitable for tillage, 315;

    percentage of cultivable land in crop (1912), 315;

    rise in land values, 316.

  Manitoba:

    grants (1882, 1885), 299;

    frosts of August 1885 and 1888, 299, 300;

    failure of bonanza farms, 9 181;

    plant food in soils (tables), 20 510-5;

    climatic conditions, 516;

    temperatures, precipitation, and sunshine over twenty years (tables), 517;

    productivity of soil, 516-8;

    drainage, natural and artificial, 518-9;

    farm management, 519-20;

    deep-breaking and back-setting, 520-1;

    summer fallowing, 521-2;

    mixed farming, 9 244, 20 522;

    rotation of crops, 525;

    rural problems, 533, 534.

  Saskatchewan:

    Dennis’s forecast of the productive areas of the North-West, 19 156;

    report on surface soils with analyses (tables), 20 548-54;

    soil deterioration, 553, 579-80;

    vegetation, 554-5;

    H.B.C. crops prior to settlement, 558;

    pioneer methods, 558, 559;

    farming in 1885, 559-60;

    discouragements up to 1890, 561;

    variations of soil and climate, 567-8;

    summer tillage, 568;

    miscellaneous crops, 570;

    grain-farmer’s conditions and methods, 575-7.

  Alberta:

    the acreage under lease in 1891, 303;

    reform in the leasing system, 304;

    sugar-beet raising, 323;

    distribution of shelter trees, 326;

    climate and precipitation (tables), 584-6;

    area and area available for settlement, 586;

    possibilities in north for, 586-8;

    soil, 588;

    natural vegetation, 588;

    cultivated grasses, 589;

    position of farming (1896-1912), 9 244.

  British Columbia:

    pioneer farmers, 22 525-9;

    prospects in 1863, 529-34;

    prices in 1862, 532-3;

    conditions and prospects in 1872, 535-6;

    value of production (1912), 536;

    area of arable land, 539;

    obstacles to progress, 540-1;

    areas alienated and left unsettled, 541;

    regulations before Confederation, 543-4;

    alienations of arable land, 544;

    small holdings, 549;

    changing fortunes of, 548-50;

    future of, 551-2.

  Dominion:

    area under cultivation or enclosed, 7 651;

    climatic and soil conditions, 651;

    a contrast in pioneer conditions, 652;

    influence of geological conditions on, 9 72-74;

    prospects at Confederation, 99, 103-5;

    lack of markets prior to railways, 7 652;

    unit of occupancy, 652;

    percentage of population engaged in and value of yield, 9 283;

    in hands of working proprietors, 7 653, 9 283;

    a period of falling prices, 179-80;

    opening up of the West, 191-3;

    troubled prosperity, 243-6;

    self-contained production, 7 653;

    scarcity of labour, 9 246, 283;

    tobacco cultivation, 7 675;

    area and value of field crops (1910), 676;

    increasing stability of, 677.

  See

    Agricultural Education and State Aid;

    Agricultural Industries;

    Dairying; Elevators;

    Flax and Hemp;

    Fruit-growing;

    Immigration;

    Wheat and Grain.

Aguilar, Martin d’. His voyage of 1602, 21 17.

Ahrens, Carl (b. 1866). Landscape painter, 12 622.

Aigremont, Clerambault d’. His report on New France, 2 493-4.

Aiguillon, Marie Madeleine de Vignerot, Duchesse d’ (d. 1675). Founds hospital at Quebec (1639), 2 410.

Aikins, James Cox (1823-1904). Presses for withdrawal of policy of ‘disallowance,’ 19 121.

Ailleboust de Coulonge, Louis d’ (d. 1660), governor of New France (1648-51). Opposes proposed composition of council (1647), 2 329;

  mission to New England (1650), 332.

Ainslie, Thomas. On arrival of Carleton at Quebec, 3 83.

Airey, Julius. His visit to Port Talbot, 17 64.

Airey, Richard, afterwards Lord Airey (1803-81). Visits Port Talbot, 17 64.

Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of (1748). Cape Breton Island restored to France under, 1 217, 232, 2 372, 13 81.

Akpatok Island, Ungava Bay. Sighted by Hudson, 1 151.

Alabama Claims, 6 46-47;

  award of Geneva Convention, 51-52.

Alain, Jean Baptiste Louis (1753-1833). French priest serving in Maritime Provinces, 11 42.

Alarm. Vessel built by the Salters, 10 585.

Alaska. Explored by Vitus Bering, 8 723, 727;

  acquired by Russia, 723;

  purchased by United States, 723, 729, 930.

Alaska Boundary Dispute. The Ukase of 1821, 8 917-9;

  negotiations of Great Britain and United States with Russia, 919-20;

  Monroe doctrine promulgated, 920-2;

  Bagot’s instructions and proposals, 922-4;

  modification of Bagot’s instructions, 924-5;

  Stratford Canning takes up negotiations, 925-7;

  Russo-British Treaty of 1825, 927-8, 21 67-68;

  the Dryad case, 8 928-9;

  neutralization of territory during Crimean War, 929;

  Russian America acquired by United States, 723, 729, 930;

  unfounded accounts of events leading up to sale, 930 and n.;

  British request for joint survey (1872), 930;

  Stikine River boundary, 931;

  Dall-Dawson correspondence, 931-2;

  British protests against contemplated infringements, 932-3;

  boundary survey conventions (1892 and 1895), 933;

  friction at Chilkoot and White Passes (1896), 933-5;

  appointment of Joint High Commission, 935;

  Convention of 1903, 936-8;

  composition of Alaska Boundary tribunal, 6 145-6, 8 939, 955, 956;

  points at issue, 938-9;

  decision re Portland Canal, 939-41;

  cases and counter-cases, 941-50;

  the decision, 6 146-7, 8 950;

  dissatisfaction in Canada over decision, 6 147-8;

  review of case, 8 951-8.

Alaska Commercial Company. Leases Pribyloff Islands, 8 723;

  and a sealing monopoly, 9 159.

Alaunia. Cunarder, 10 600.

Alava, Don Jose Manuel. Spanish commander at Nootka, 21 51, 52.

Albanel, Charles (1616-96), Jesuit. At Hudson Bay, 1 172, 8 882.

Albani, Madame (Marie Louise Cécilia Emma Lajeunesse), (b. 1850). Native of Chambly, near Montreal, 12 649.

Albany. Its trade with Montreal suppressed, 2 502;

  prices at, compared with Montreal, 502-3;

  conference with Iroquois at, 1 238;

  British rendezvous (1755), 242.

Albany.

  (1) Sails with Knight’s expedition (1719), 1 195.

  (2) Sent to suppress piracy in Bay of Fundy, 13 136.

Albatross. Steamer owned by Lieutenant-Colonel Sleigh, 12 516.

Albemarle, Christopher, second Duke of (1653-88). One of the ‘Gentlemen Adventurers,’ 1 162;

  original member of Hudson’s Bay Company, 166.

Albert. First steamer on Georgetown-Pictou route, 10 563.

Albert College, Belleville, 11 337, 18 401.

Albert Manufacturing Company, Hillsborough, N.B. Its success under protection, 14 694.

Albert Railway. Its hopeless financial position, 10 448-9.

Alberta. C.P.R. steamer of upper lakes fleet, 10 556.

Alberta. See Prairie Provinces; Saskatchewan.

Alberta and Great Waterways Railway Company. Relations of Rutherford government with, 19 276-7.

Alberta College, Edmonton, 11 337, 20 497, 498, 499, 503-4.

Alberta Ladies’ College, Red Deer, 20 499.

Alberta Railway and Irrigation Company, 20 591.

Alberta, University of. Its incorporation and progress, 20 499-502;

  statistics, 1908 to 1913, 503;

  its affiliations and extension work, 503-5;

  problem raised by rapid expansion, 506.

Albion. Sailing vessel owned by the brothers Allan, 10 603.

Albion Mines Coal Company, of Pictou. Owners of first steam vessel to enter a Prince Edward Island port, 10 562-3.

Albright, Jacob (1759-1808). Founder of Evangelical Association, 11 399.

Alcedo. Vessel built of spruce at Moncton, 10 585.

Alcide. French ship captured by Boscawen, 13 90.

Alciope. Lake Ontario steamboat, 10 498.

Alcorn, George Oscar (b. 1850). Introduces a corrupt practices prevention bill, 6 162.

Aldborough, Township of. Granted to Thomas Talbot, 17 61;

  settled by Scottish Highlanders, 63;

  lands conveyed to Colonel Airey, 64.

Alden. Sent by Phips to raid Nova Scotia, 13 56.

Alderney. Conveys settlers to Halifax (1750), 13 83.

Alderville, Northumberland County. Industrial school established at (1848), 5 349-50.

Aleutian Islands, separating Bering Sea from Pacific Ocean. Discovered by Vitus Bering, 21 40.

Alexander. Ottawa River steamboat, 10 554.

Alexander I of Russia (1777-1825). His claims in Bering Sea, 8 727, 917.

Alexander VI, Pope (1431-1503). Awards Spain territories in New World (1493), 21 13.

Alexander, Sir William, afterwards Earl of Stirling (c. 1567-1640). Obtains grant of Acadia and Cape Breton Island from James I (1621), 13 36;

  divisions and designations of territory, 36;

  his scheme of colonization, 36-37;

  finds difficulty in obtaining suitable tenants, 37;

  his three expeditions, 37;

  abandonment of colony, 38;

  territorial claims founded on his grant, 8 756, 763, 769, 774, 792.

Alexander, William John (b. 1855). Author of Introduction to the Poetry of Robert Browning, 12 529.

Alexandria, Hudson’s Bay Company’s fort on Fraser River. Named after Alexander Mackenzie, 4 654, 659, 127 n.

Alexandria Archipelago. Sighted by Chirikoff, 21 41.

Alexis, Brother. Murdered by Iroquois at Lac la Biche (1875), 11 163.

Algoma.

  (1) Steamboat on Georgian Bay and Lake Superior route, 10 546.

  (2) C.P.R. steamboat, 10 556.

Algoma Steamship Line. Freighters owned by, 10 557.

Algonquin Indians. Ally with French against Iroquois, 1 45;

  at feud with Hurons, 55, 60, 69;

  settlement at Sillery for converts, 2 410;

  their canoes, 10 477;

  mission to, of Lake Timiskaming, 11 67-68.

Algonquin, L’.

  (1) War vessel built at Quebec, 10 482, 15 55;

  its defective condition, 10 483.

  (2) Lakes freighter, 10 557.

Algonquin National Park, 17 218.

Alien Labour Act and its amendment in 1901, 9 341.

Allain, Abbé. Quoted re education in France in seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, 16 323, 324, 325-6.

Allan, Adam. Removes boundary mark at Meductic, 13 177.

Allan, Captain Alexander. Father of Sir Hugh Allan, 10 602.

Allan, Andrew. His association with Sir Hugh Allan, 10 602-5.

Allan, Sir Hugh (1810-82). His early career, 10 602;

  characteristics, 603;

  establishes a fleet of sailing vessels, 603;

  Montreal Ocean Steamship Company acquired by, 604-5;

  and C.P.R. charter, 6 54-55;

  his part in Pacific Scandal, 56-58, 10 421;

  founder of Canada’s ocean-going marine, 5 7.

Allan, John (1746-1805). One of the Cumberland rebels, 13 218;

  plans conquest of Nova Scotia, 219;

  his revolutionary propaganda on St John River, 136-7;

  alleges trespass on United States territory, 8 757, 13 160.

Allan, William. Member of executive council of Upper Canada, 3 355.

Allan Line. Its formation, 10 604;

  secures mail contracts, 5 399, 10 604;

  first fleet of, 605;

  speed of steamers in 1856, 5 399;

  effect of trade depression on (1859), 10 605;

  a period of steamship disaster, 5 402-3, 10 605;

  cancellation and renewal of contract, 5 403-4;

  steamships and their routes, 10 606-8;

  companies absorbed by, 607;

  its adaptability, 607.

Allard, Germain, Récollet. Arrives at Quebec, 2 420.

Allard, Joseph. Member of first board of Education of Manitoba, 20 427.

Allard, Jules. Portfolio in Quebec government held by, 15 213 n.

Allegiance, sloop-of-war. Takes part in action near Sydney (1781), 13 222.

Allen, Ethan (1737-89), American Revolutionary leader. Outlawed, 3 79;

  stirs up disaffection, 81;

  surrenders at Montreal, 81;

  negotiates for return of Vermont to British allegiance, 115.

Allen, George T. Justice of peace for Vancouver Island (1849), 21 87.

Allen, Ira (1751-1814). Purchases arms for Vermont, 3 153;

  treats for freedom of trade, 4 534;

  and the Chambly Canal, 10 515.

Allen, Isaac (1741-1806). Locates lands for loyalists in Nova Scotia, 13 148;

  puisne judge of New Brunswick, 153;

  his previous service, 155.

Allen, Sir John Campbell (1817-98). Judge in New Brunswick, 14 415.

Allen, Captain William. In command of the Bonaventure and Seaforth, 1 184.

Allet, Antoine d’ (b. c. 1634), Sulpician. Assists in founding seminary at Montreal, 2 415.

Alligator, H.M.S. Brings four captures into Halifax, 13 252.

Alline, Henry (1748-84). His ‘New Light’ revival and its influence, 11 353, 381.

Allioux, Vincent (b. 1698). Professor of hydrography in Jesuit College, Quebec, 16 376.

Allison, David (b. 1836). Superintendent of Education in Nova Scotia, 14 532.

Allouez, Claude (c. 1613-89), Jesuit. Founds mission on Chequamegon Bay, 1 80;

  addresses Indians at Sault Ste Marie on greatness of French king, 102-3.

Allsopp, George. Signs petition of Quebec traders (1764), 15 134;

  appointed to legislative council (1788), 134.

Allumette Island. Algonquin village on, 1 50;

  Nicolet and Brébeuf separate at, 60;

  toll paid to Algonquin chief at, 68.

Allward, Walter Seymour (b. 1875). Sculptor, 12 633.

Alma Ladies’ College, St Thomas, 11 337.

Almon, William Bruce. Challenges Joseph Howe to a duel, 13 292.

Alnwick. School for Indian children established at (1838), 5 349.

Alsatian. Allan liner, 10 608.

Alstine, Peter Van. Assists in settlement of his disbanded loyalists, 17 24, 25, 26;

  signs the loyalist petition (1787), 39.

Alvarez Fagundez, João. Explores coast of Nova Scotia, 1 25.

Alverstone, Sir Richard Webster, Baron (1842-1915), lord chief justice of England. Member of Alaskan Boundary Commission, 6 146, 8 938, 955;

  his position as arbitrator, 6 148;

  his decisions, 8 939-40, 950;

  comments on his decisions, 940 and n., 957.

Amalgamated Asbestos Company, 9 260.

Ameau, Séverin. First teacher at Three Rivers, 16 346.

America.

  (1) Arrives at Victoria, British Columbia (1845), 21 88.

  (2) Great Western Railway steamboat, 10 545.

  (3) Cunard steamship, 10 599.

American Civil War. Its effect on Canadian trade, 5 188.

American Federation of Labour. Founded in 1881, 9 306;

  its conflict with Knights of Labour, 304, 306-9;

  allied with Canadian Trades and Labour Congress, 330-2.

American-German Catholics. Immigration of in Saskatchewan, 19 178.

American Mail Line. Its fleet, 10 540;

  liquidation of, 540.

American Metal Company, of New York. Its operations in Nova Scotia, 14 696;

  engages in litigation, 697.

Ames, Sir Herbert Brown (b. 1863). His charge against the Laurier administration, 6 162.

Amherst, Sir Jeffery (1717-97). In command of Louisbourg expedition, 1 222, 13 324;

  at Ticonderoga and Lake Champlain, 1 273;

  characteristics as leader, 274;

  commander-in-chief in North America, 4 427;

  at Montreal, 1 311;

  refuses to regard French Canadians as neutrals, 15 261;

  his instructions to district governors, 4 428;

  claims a share of Jesuit estates, 16 408;

  relieved of command, 3 68.

Amherst, William Pitt, Earl Amherst of Arracan (1773-1857). Appointed governor-in-chief of the Canadas, but resigns before taking office, 3 320.

Amherstburg. Hull’s movements against, 3 220;

  Sir F. B. Head’s visit to Indian settlement at, 5 336.

Amhurst, Lieutenant. Deputy surveyor in Nova Scotia, 13 79.

Amours, Louis d’, Sieur de Chauffours. See Chauffours.

Amours, Mathieu d’. Prefect of Little Seminary of Quebec, 16 387.

Amundsen, Roald (b. 1872), Arctic explorer. Completes the North-West Passage (1903-5), 5 302 n.

Amyot, Jean. Petitions for full exercise of Catholic religion in Quebec, 11 16.

Andania. Cunard liner, 10 600.

Anderson, Alexander. Principal of Prince of Wales College, Charlottetown, 14 537;

  superintendent of Education, P.E.I., 538.

Anderson, Alexander Caulfield (1814-94). Sent to establish a post in Alaskan hinterland, 21 68;

  justice of peace for Vancouver Island, 87, 124;

  at New Fort Langley, 127 n.;

  encourages farming and horticulture, 22 528;

  on British Columbia as a field for immigration, 535-6;

  on crops raised at trading posts, 527-8.

Anderson, Chandler P. United States boundary commissioner, 8 779.

Anderson, David (1814-85). First Anglican bishop of Rupert’s Land (1849-64), 11 228;

  founds St John’s College, Winnipeg, 20 425; 21 125.

Anderson, James. Secures Franklin relics, 5 304.

Anderson, James R. Petitions for retention of Governor Blanshard, 21 121;

  first secretary of department of Agriculture of British Columbia, 22 546-7.

Anderson, John. Anglican clergyman at Fort Erie, 11 223.

Anderson, S. Signs loyalist petition (1787), 17 39.

Anderson, S., captain R.E. Boundary survey commissioner, 8 877.

Anderson, William (d. 1778). Surgeon of the Resolution, 21 24.

André, Louis (c. 1623-1715), Jesuit. At Lake Nipissing, 1 81;

  at Sault Ste Marie, 103;

  on Manitoulin Island, 103;

  at Green Bay, 104.

André, Father. Parish priest of Prince Albert, 11 165.

Andres, Nicholas. Obtains grant in Eastern Townships, 15 150.

Andrew Weir Line of steamships, 10 618.

Andrews, Frederick William, judge of Superior Court of Quebec. His decision on Pacaud-Armstrong agreement case, 15 205.

Andrews, I. D. On reciprocity, 5 237;

  reports on Canadian trade, 238;

  sent on mission to Canada, 241-2.

Andrews, Samuel (1736-1818). First Anglican incumbent at St Andrews, N.B., 11 209.

Andrews, Captain. In command of the Ontario, wrecked on the lake (1780), 10 487-8.

Andros, Sir Edmund (1637-1713), governor of New York. Ignores his instructions, 2 356 n.

Angelica. Lake vessel, 10 486.

Angers, Sir Auguste Réal (b. 1838). Leader of the Quebec assembly, 15 180;

  as lieutenant-governor dismisses Mercier, 200-4.

Angers, Félicité (‘Laure Conan’). French-Canadian novelist, 12 476.

Anglican Church.

  Special Article: The Church and its Missions, 11 199-246;

  notes on the mother church, 199-200;

  untrained in systematic liberality, 200.

  Nova Scotia:

    its history, 201-6;

    bishops of, 207-8, 13 240-1;

    founding of King’s College, 241-2.

  New Brunswick: 11 208-12;

    bishops of, 211;

    rights of presentation, 13 166;

    imperial aid granted to missionaries, 166;

    its favoured position, 167.

  Prince Edward Island: first clergyman and religious conditions, 11 206.

  Quebec: 212-20;

    erection of diocese (1793), 215.

  Ontario: 221-7;

    Laymen’s Missionary Movement, 227.

  North-West Territories: 227-32.

  British Columbia: 232-5.

    Educational and evangelical work, 239, 14 547, 7 610, 611, 612;

    missionary organizations and fields of labour, 11 244-6.

  Constitutional:

    Quebec Act and support of clergy, 235-6;

    Constitutional Act, 236;

    clergy reserves question, 236;

    state aid to, 236-7;

    synods of the Church, 237-9.

  See Clergy Reserves;

    also under names of bishops and clergy.

Anglin, Margaret Mary (b. 1876). Canadian actress, 12 660.

Anglo-Saxon. Allan liner, 10 604;

  wrecked near Cape Race (1863), 5 403, 10 604.

Angloman. Dominion Line steamship, wrecked (1897), 10 609.

Anian, Strait of. Navigators who claimed to have sailed through, 21 18-19.

Ann.

  (1) Conveys German settlers to Halifax (1750), 13 83.

  (2) Schooner built at Pictou, 10 582.

Annand, William (1808-92). Elected for Halifax County, 13 284;

  premier of Nova Scotia, 14 380;

  anti-Confederation delegate to England, 380;

  refuses to meet Dominion delegates, 381;

  his attacks on Joseph Howe, 382.

Annapolis Royal. First Anglican service in Nova Scotia held at (1710), 11 201;

  school opened at, 201;

  attacked by expedition from Louisbourg, 1 211;

  first incumbents of, 11 203;

  quantity of rum allowed for garrison of, 13 86;

  social and religious conditions in eighteenth century, 11 203;

  failure to capture Acadians at, 13 96;

  number of Acadians expelled from, 97;

  sacked by American privateers, 220;

  and loyalist immigration, 234;

  post office opened at (1788), 5 373.

  See Port Royal.

Anne. Ship captured at Amherstburg by Canadian militia, 7 388.

Anne and Jane. Ship passes through Welland Canal (1829), 10 527.

Anne of Austria (1601-66). Offers bishopric of Quebec to Father le Jeune, 2 418.

Annexation Association (founded 1849). Discordant elements in, 5 59;

  Manifesto of 1849, 234-5;

  result of tariff changes in Great Britain, 53-54, 10 373;

  hostility of Quebec clergy to, 15 106.

Annuities, Old Age. Established in Canada (1908), 6 161-2, 342-3.

Ansley, Amos. Anglican clergyman appointed to March, 11 223.

Anson, George, Baron Anson (1697-1762). First Lord of the Admiralty (1751-6, 1757-62), 1 261-2;

  as a selector of commanders, 262.

Anticosti, Island of. Sighted by Cartier, 1 35.

Antigonish. College of St Francis Xavier founded at (1854), 13 289.

Anville, Nicolas de la Rochefoucauld, Duc d’. Anticipated attack by, on Annapolis Royal (1746), 13 80;

  destruction of his fleet, 80.

Anwyl, William (d. 1750). Anglican clergyman at Halifax (1749), 11 201.

Aplin, Joseph. On loyalist settlements at St John, 13 146.

Appleton. Schoolmaster dismissed by John Strachan, 18 353.

Arabasca. Lake vessel, 10 486.

Arabia. Last Cunarder to be constructed of wood, 10 599.

Arabian.

  (1) Steamboat on Hamilton-Montreal route, 10 540.

  (2) Lakes freighter, 10 557.

Arbuthnot, Mariot (c. 1711-94). Supersedes Sir George Collier, 13 227.

Arbuthnot, Colonel. Brings Indian chiefs to Halifax, 13 108;

  receives Acadian submission, 115.

Archambault, L. Minister of Agriculture of Quebec, 15 178 n.;

  involved in ‘Land-swap Scandal,’ 179.

Archambeault, Joseph Alfred (1859-1913). Roman Catholic bishop of Joliette (1904-13), 11 90.

Archangel. Lake war vessel, 10 488.

Archbold, George (d. 1840). Anglican missionary to Indians, 11 223.

Archibald, Sir Adams George (1814-92), lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia (1873-83). Concurs in passing Nova Scotia Free Schools Act (1864), 14 523;

  on sensitiveness of the Métis, 6 31-32;

  secretary of state, 22;

  governor of North-West Territories, 19 193;

  his instructions, 193-5;

  arrives at Fort Garry, 6 42-43, 19 97;

  makes ultra vires appointments, 196-7;

  on flight of Riel, 98;

  accepts Riel’s assistance against projected Fenian raid, 6 43, 11 158-9, 19 102-3;

  on Fenian danger, 19 104;

  on treatment of the Métis, 11 158;

  acknowledges their services, 159;

  on constitution of Nova Scotia, 14 441.

Archibald, Samuel George William (1777-1846), speaker of Nova Scotia assembly. On right of house to control of finance, 13 280.

Architecture.

  Special Article: Canadian Architecture, 12 665-75;

  general conditions, 665-7;

  French-Canadian, 667-71;

  English-Canadian, 671-4;

  influence of American on Canadian, 674-5.

Archithinues, tribe of Blackfoot Indians. Visited by Anthony Hendry, 1 198.

Arctic Sound. Sir John Franklin’s visit to, 4 681.

Aréthuse. Skilfully handled by Vauquelin at Louisbourg, 1 225-6.

Argall, Samuel (d. 1626). Destroys French settlements in Acadia, 13 34;

  raids Jesuit mission (1613), 2 386.

Argenson, Pierre de Voyer, Vicomte d’ (1626-1710), governor of New France (1658-61). His reception at Jesuit College, Quebec, 16 362, 371;

  on purity of morals in New France, 2 417;

  deports an undesirable, 417.

Argimault, Joseph (or Argimoosh), Indian chief. Makes submission at Halifax (1761), 13 108-9.

Argonaut. Vessel trading on north-west coast (1789), 21 37;

  seized at Nootka, 43.

Argue, William Pirritt. Member of senate of University of British Columbia, 22 442.

Argus, American fishing vessel. Seizure of, 8 687;

  damages awarded, 693.

Arles, Henri d’ (Father Henri Beaudé). His essays in criticism, 12 488.

Arlington, Henry, Lord (1618-85). Original member of Hudson’s Bay Company, 1 166.

Armenians. As Canadian immigrants, 7 565-6.

Armour, John Douglas (1830-1903), judge of Supreme Court. Member of Alaskan Boundary Commission, 6 146, 8 938, 955.

Armour, Samuel (1785-1853). Anglican clergyman at Peterborough, 11 223.

Armstrong, C. N., and the Baie des Chaleurs Railway Scandal, 15 200-5.

Armstrong, John (1758-1843), American secretary for war. Proposes campaign against Montreal, 3 246.

Armstrong, Lawrence (d. 1739). Administrator of Nova Scotia (1726-9, 1731-9), 13 73;

  and land for religion and education, 14 511;

  suicide of, 13 73.

Armstrong, William, sheriff of New Westminster. Fisheries commissioner (1891), 22 453.

Armstrong, W. J. Member of first legislative assembly of British Columbia, 21 180;

  portfolios held by, 183, 22 546, 21 209.

Armstrong, Colonel. His raid on the Delawares, 1 253.

Arnold, Arthur. Anglican clergyman at Sussex Vale, N.B. (1791), 11 210.

Arnold, Benedict (1741-1801). Attacks St Johns, 3 80;

  his campaign against Quebec, 82, 84-96;

  wounded, 93;

  withdraws to Montreal, 96;

  retires on Crown Point, 97;

  his defence of Lake Champlain, 102-3;

  subscribes for road construction in New Brunswick, 13 168;

  his character, 3 88.

Arnold, Judge Robert. Introduces shorthorns into Canada, 7 658, 18 561.

Arnold’s American Legion. Their location on the St John, 13 149.

Arnoux, Dr. Montcalm succumbs in house of, 1 306.

‘Aroostook War.’ Accounts of the dispute (1839), 7 390-1, 8 815, 13 203, 289;

  known as ‘the War of Pork and Beans,’ 204.

Arpent de Paris. Unit of land measurement in New France, 2 559 n.

Arrets of Marly. See Seigneurial System.

Arrow Lakes. Traversed by David Thompson, 4 669;

  navigation system and steamer services, 10 571.

Arsenault, Pierre. A pioneer colonist of Chignecto, 13 52.

Art. Painting and Sculpture in Canada, 12 593-640;

  Music and the Theatre, 643-61;

  Canadian Architecture, 665-75;

  societies and organizations, 634-6;

  the art situation in Canada, 636-40.

Art Association of Montreal, 12 635.

Art Museum of Montreal, 12 636.

Art Museum of Toronto, 12 636.

Arteaga, Captain Ignacio. In command of Spanish expedition to North Pacific (1779), 21 22.

Arthur, Sir George (1784-1854). Lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada (1838-41), 3 356;

  his severity with the rebels, 3 367, 4 393;

  report of his commission of inquiry, 18 286-8;

  his embarrassing position on question of union, 4 412-3.

Arthur the Great. Quebec-built clipper designed by William Power, 10 579.

Arts. Societies and organizations, 12 634-6;

  the situation in Canada, 636-40.

  See names of individual societies.

Ascania. Cunard liner, 10 600.

Ash, John (d. 1886). Member of first legislative assembly of British Columbia, 21 180;

  provincial secretary, 183;

  favours arbitration on railway question, 203.

Ashburton, Alexander Baring, first Baron (1774-1848). On the ‘battle of the maps,’ 8 824;

  his instructions on Oregon boundary question, 862.

  See Ashburton Treaty.

Ashburton Treaty (1842). Ashburton’s negotiations and settlement on Maine boundary dispute, 8 815-8;

  attacked by Palmerston, 818;

  views on the partition, 826-7, 13 203;

  and water channels of St Lawrence, 8 830;

  boundary from Lake Huron to Lake of the Woods under, 832, 835-6.

Ashehurst, Thomas. Merchant of Bristol, 1 24.

Ashley, Anthony, Lord (1621-83). Original member of Hudson’s Bay Company, 1 166.

Ashtabula. Lake Erie car ferry, 10 548.

Asia.

  (1) Cunard steamship, 10 599.

  (2) Steamer of Windsor-Lake Superior Line, 10 546.

Asphodel, Township of. Its survey and settlement, 17 82.

Asquith, Herbert H. (b. 1852), prime minister of Great Britain. Defends free trade, 6 192, 9 212;

  opposes creation of an imperial council of state, 6 193.

Asselin, Olivar (b. 1874). On the aims of nationalism, 6 186.

Assiniboia. C.P.R. steamer, 10 556.

Assiniboia, Council of. Governing body in Red River Settlement, 6 32;

  its original composition, 19 47;

  amenable to Hudson’s Bay Company, 57;

  admission of French half-breeds to, 11 140;

  social ostracism and repression attempted by, 19 59-60;

  its ordinances regulating court procedure, 20 372.

Assiniboia, Court of. Created in 1839, 20 371;

  its jurisdiction challenged at Lépine’s trial, 371-2.

Assiniboia, District of. Name given to Red River Settlement, 20 369;

  its boundaries and area, 386;

  cultivated area (1886, 1887), 19 168 and n.;

  foreign immigration in, 167-8.

Assiniboine River. Explored by David Thompson, 4 665.

Assiniboines, Indian tribe. Offer to accompany Jacques de Noyon to shores of Western Sea, 1 114;

  La Vérendrye visits the, 123-4;

  their discipline and order on the march, 125;

  a buffalo hunt among the, 4 647-9;

  their territory and numbers, 11 115.

Associated Loyalists. Land grants to, 17 29.

Astor, John Jacob (1763-1848). Applies for a land grant in Eastern Townships, 15 148;

  establishes Pacific Fur Company and founds Astoria, 4 668, 21 58-59;

  engages French-Canadian voyageurs, 15 73.

Astoria. Fort built near mouth of Columbia River by Pacific Fur Company (1811), 4 668, 8 850, 21 59, 246;

  territorial claim founded on its construction, 8 859 n.;

  sold to North-West Company and renamed Fort George (1813), 850, 21 61;

  restored to United States, 8 850, 854, 21 61;

  farming at, 22 527.

Astrée, French frigate. Its fight with the Charlestown, 13 222-3.

Atahualpa, American ship. Attacked by Indians at Nootka, 21 54.

Atalante. Vauquelin’s gallant handling of, at Quebec, 1 309-10.

Athabasca.

  (1) C.P.R. steamer, 10 556.

  (2) Steamer on the Mackenzie River, 19 170.

Athabaska, District of. Its boundaries and area (1882), 20 386;

  treaties with Indians and half-breeds of, 11 184.

Athabaska River. Fort constructed by Peter Pond on (1778), 4 651;

  ascended by David Thompson (1810-1), 667;

  its navigable stretches and steamer services, 10 568.

Athapascan Indians. Inform Alexander Henry of existence of Peace and Slave Rivers, 4 649.

Athenia. Donaldson Line steamship, 10 614.

Athenian.

  (1) Canadian Navigation Company’s steamboat, 10 539.

  (2) C.P.R. steamship, 10 617.

Atkinson, E. W. Painter of pastorals, 12 617.

Atlantic. Michigan Central Railway steamboat, 10 545.

Atlantic and St Lawrence Railway.

  See St Lawrence and Atlantic Railway.

Atlas. Ottawa River steamboat, 10 554.

Atnah Indians, and Simon Fraser’s descent of the Fraser River, 4 659-60.

Atwater, Albert William (b. 1856). Joins Flynn’s administration in Quebec (1896), 15 208.

Aubert de Gaspé, Philippe (1786-1871), French-Canadian novelist. Arrested for threatening a member of assembly, 4 475;

  his Les Anciens Canadiens, 12 472-3.

Aubert de la Chesnaye, Charles (1630-1702). Persuades Radisson and Groseilliers to re-enter French service, 1 173.

Aubert, Néret, and Gayot. Farmers of the revenue, 2 492;

  merged in Company of the West, 492.

Aubert, Pierre. Joins Red River mission, 11 133, 134, 20 421.

Aubrey, Nicolas, pioneer priest of New France. Accompanied de Monts to Acadia, 2 381.

Auchinleck, Gilbert. His History of the War (of 1812), 12 502.

Auckland, William, first Baron (1744-1814). Negotiates unratified boundary convention with United States, 8 771, 783, 840.

Augsburg, League of. Coalition of England, Holland, and Germany against France. Ends with Treaty of Ryswick, 15 49.

Augusta, Township of. Settled by part of Jessup’s corps, 17 25.

Augustinian Nuns. Arrive at Quebec (1639), 2 411.

Auld, William, Hudson’s Bay Company superintendent at York Factory. His hostility to Miles Macdonell, 19 21, 24, 26, 31;

  describes Highlanders as ‘civilized Caffres,’ 25.

Aulneau de la Touche, Jeanne Pierre (1705-36), Jesuit. Missionary at Fort St Charles, 11 117;

  murdered by the Sioux, 117-8.

Ausonia. Cunard liner, 10 600.

Austin, Horatio Thomas, navigator. On Franklin search expedition (1850), 5 301;

  explores Prince of Wales Land, 303.

Austin, James T. Boundary Commission agent, 8 772.

Austin, Nicholas. Loyalist patentee of Bolton township, 15 150.

Austin, R. H. One of fathers of Confederation in British Columbia, 21 171 n.

Australia. Contributes to imperial naval defence, 6 188;

  as a destination for British immigrants, 9 194;

  negotiates for reciprocal preference with Canada, 213;

  its shipping preference reserved by imperial government, 233.

Austrian Succession, War of the, 1 219, 15 50.

Austro-Hungarians. Canadian immigration of, 7 558-60;

  their lack of capital, 559;

  their defects as settlers, 560;

  homesteaders in Prairie Provinces, 20 316.

Auteuil, Denis Joseph Ruette d’, procureur-general of Canada. His memoirs on Hudson Bay boundaries, 8 890.

Avaugour, Pierre Dubois, Baron d’, governor of New France (1661-3). His extortionate demands on Radisson, 1 77, 79;

  favours acquisition of a winter port, 2 348, 460-1;

  his report on the colony, 460-1;

  recalled, 336.

Avenant, L’, French man-of-war. Takes first supply of masts to France (1700), 14 599.

Aveu et dénombrement, 2 543.

Avray, J. Marshall d’. Principal of Fredericton normal school, 14 551;

  superintendent of Education for New Brunswick, 552.

Aylesworth, Sir Allen Bristol (b. 1854). Member of Alaska Boundary Commission, 6 146, 8 955, 956;

  dissents and refuses to sign award, 6 146, 8 950;

  his criticism of award, 6 147-8, 8 940;

  on disallowance of provincial legislation, 6 220;

  his act to purify elections, 163;

  on fisheries regulations, 175.

Aylesworth, J. B. Member of Ontario Agricultural Commission (1880), 18 572.

Aylmer, Matthew Whitworth, Baron (1775-1850), governor-in-chief of Canada (1831-5). His administration, 3 310-1;

  appoints nationalists to council, 314-5;

  and assembly’s expulsion of Dominique Mondelet, 4 478;

  condemned in the Ninety-two Resolutions, 3 318;

  present at launch of Royal William (1831), 10 592.

Aylmer, Lady. Christens the Royal William, 10 592.

Aylmer Lake. Explored by Captain Back, 4 686.

Aylwin, Thomas. Signs Quebec grand jury’s petition (1764), 15 128, 135.

Babcock, John Pease. Deputy commissioner of Fisheries, British Columbia, 22 454;

  reports on a hatchery system, 455;

  member of fisheries commissions, 456, 459;

  his investigations, 466.

Baby, Francis (1733-1820). Member of first executive council of Lower Canada, 3 141.

Baby, Jacques (1762-1833). Member of first executive council of Upper Canada, 3 173.

Baby, Louis François Georges (1834-1906). Minister of Inland Revenue (1878-80), 6 83;

  reports on Baie des Chaleurs Railway Scandal, 15 203.

Bachelor’s Delight. Seized by Radisson at Fort Nelson, 1 173-4.

Back, Sir George (1796-1878). Accompanies Franklin on his Arctic expeditions, 4 679-83, 683-4;

  explores Arctic coast, 686-8, 21 125.

Backs River. Its course, length, and drainage area, 22 642.

Backster, William. One of fathers of Confederation in British Columbia, 21 171 n.

Bacon, C. A. Melter in the assay office, British Columbia, 21 148 n.

Badgley, William (1801-88). His municipal act (1847), 15 294.

Baffin, William (d. 1622), navigator. Charts Hudson Bay, 1 157.

Bagot, Sir Charles (1781-1843), governor-in-chief of Canada (1842-3). On the Russian Ukase of 1821, 8 917;

  on Alaska boundary dispute, 919-23;

  lines of boundary suggested by, 920, 922-3;

  suspends negotiations, 923, 925;

  on Russian methods, 923 n.;

  his instructions modified, 924;

  on concession of a lisière, 952 n.;

  transferred to The Hague, 925;

  effect of his ill-health on constitutional government, 5 5;

  condemns Sydenham’s administration, 20;

  endeavours to conciliate French Canadians, 33, 88;

  a historical parallel, 35-36;

  his policy being unacceptable to Stanley and Peel, invites recall, 35-36;

  expresses gratitude for their approval, 37;

  his place in constitutional development, 110-5;

  recommends beginning of a Geological Survey, 6 344;

  sketch of, 5 31.

Baie de Chaleurs Railway. Its financial failure, 10 447-8;

  scandal associated with its construction, 15 200-5.

Baie Verte Canal. An abortive project, 10 532.

Bailey, Jacob (d. 1808). Anglican incumbent at Annapolis, 11 203;

  on sufferings of the loyalists, 13 234-5.

Baillairge, Jean (d. 1805). The first Canadian sculptor, 12 632.

Baillargeon, Charles François (1798-1870). Roman Catholic archbishop of Quebec (1867-70), 11 98, 99-101.

Baillif, George le, Récollet. Arrives in Quebec (1620), 2 391-2.

Bailly de Meissein, Charles François (1740-94). Missionary in Nova Scotia, 11 29, 203;

  a victim of religious intolerance, 29;

  coadjutor of Quebec (1788-94), 33-34;

  favours the mixed university in opposition to Bishop Hubert, 34, 16 407, 448.

Bailly, Guillaume (d. 1696), Sulpician. Arrives in Montreal, 16 337.

Bailly, Father. Wounded at Point Lévis, 3 96.

Bain, James. His edition of Alexander Henry’s Travels and Adventures, 12 512.

Bainbridge, Captain William (1774-1833). American naval commander, 3 198.

Baird, W. T. Commands militia at Fredericton (1865), 14 414.

Baker, E. Crowe. Opposes Chinese immigration into British Columbia, 21 260.

Baker, James. Provincial portfolio held by, in British Columbia, 21 218, 220.

Baker, John. Hoists American flag in Madawaska Settlement, 13 199;

  his arrest and punishment, 199;

  indemnity claimed for his arrest, 8 791.

Baker, Richard. One of fathers of Confederation in British Columbia, 21 171 n.

Balboa, Vasco Nuñez (1475-1517 or 1518), discoverer. His extravagant claims for Spain, 21 13.

Baldoon, on Lake St Clair. Scottish Highland settlement established at, 17 71-72, 19 16;

  its unhealthy situation, 17 72;

  raided during War of 1812, 72.

Baldwin, Augustus. Member of executive council of Upper Canada, 3 354.

Baldwin, Robert (1804-58). Member of executive council of Upper Canada, 3 354;

  treats with the rebels, 365, 367;

  solicitor-general, 4 414;

  rebuked by Sydenham, 5 19;

  desires a homogeneous ministry, 33-34;

  his university bill (1843), 18 367-8;

  opposes Draper’s university bill (1845), 368-9;

  his university act of 1849, 371-3;

  on denominational education, 371;

  his municipal bill of 1843, 438;

  and act of 1849, 439-42;

  demands that appointments be made on advice of ministers, 5 40;

  and clergy reserves, 63, 65;

  resigns office, 69;

  on necessity for coalition, 86, 6 17;

  favours race co-operation, 5 89, 15 169.

Baldwin, T. Baptist missionary, reports on the North-West, 11 374.

Baldwin, William Warren (d. 1844). Opens a private school, 18 349;

  chairman of postal investigation committee of Upper Canada, 4 742;

  entrusted with care of Quetton St George’s estate, 17 55.

‘Baldwin Reformers.’ Why so called, 6 17.

Balfour, Andrew. Founds Shefford Academy (1838), 16 461.

Balfour, Arthur James (b. 1848). On the Boer War, 6 139;

  and Franco-Canadian commercial treaty (1907), 9 234.

Balfour, William (c. 1759-1811), major-general. President and commander-in-chief in New Brunswick (1811), 13 184.

Balfour, W. D. Attempted corruption of, 17 166;

  provincial secretary of Ontario, 200 n.

Ball, Henry Maynard (d. 1897). Stipendiary magistrate at Lytton, B.C., 21 148 n.;

  member of legislative council (1863), 166.

Ballantyne, Thomas, 9 118; member of Ontario Agricultural Commission (1880), 18 572.

Baltic. Rescues passengers of Republic, 10 610.

Baltimore.

  (1) Lake Superior steamer, 10 543.

  (2) Michigan Central Railway steamboat, 10 545.

Bancroft, George (1800-91). United States minister at Berlin, 8 874.

Bancroft, Samuel (1789-1876), Baptist preacher. His daily allowance, 11 354.

Bank of Brantford. Chartered in 1857, 5 279, 281.

Bank of British North America. Begins business in Canada (1836), 4 631-2;

  adopts free banking system, 5 273, 277;

  in the Maritime Provinces, 10 628, 637;

  establishes agency in New York, 636.

Bank of Canada. Private bank, founded (1818), 4 610, 612, 613.

Bank of Canada. Bill introduced to establish a, 4 606;

  chartered in 1858, 5 281.

Bank of Commerce. Chartered (1866), 10 637;

  absorbs the Gore Bank (1869), 637.

Bank of Hamilton. Established (1872), 10 638.

Bank of London. Established (1883), fails (1887), 10 643.

Bank of Montreal. Established as a private bank (1817), 4 608;

  its articles of association, 609-11;

  first officers of, 611;

  its share of government business, 621;

  criticisms directed against, 622-3;

  its charter renewed, 623;

  rivalry with Bank of Upper Canada, 624;

  increases in capital (1853, 1855), 5 278;

  widens its field of operations, 285, 10 636, 637;

  government financial agents, 5 290, 7 485;

  renounces its note-issuing powers, 5 287-8, 10 627;

  withdraws accommodation to merchants in Western Canada, 637;

  absorbs Commercial Bank (1867), 5 291;

  ceases to be sole financial agent for government, 10 631.

Bank of New Brunswick. Established (1820), 10 628, 13 194.

Bank of Nova Scotia. Chartered (1832), 10 628, 13 270;

  council interested in its rival, 282.

Bank of Pictou. Failure of (1887), 10 643.

Bank of the County of Elgin. Applies for charter (1856), 5 279.

Bank of Toronto. Chartered (1854-5), 5 278;

  begins business (1869), 10 633.

Bank of United States. Established by Alexander Hamilton (1791), 4 606, 608, 609-10;

  destroyed by Congress owing to predominance of British capital in, 606.

Bank of Upper Canada. Founded at Kingston (1818), 4 610, 613;

  failure of, 614-5.

Bank of Upper Canada, Second or Chartered. Founded at York (1821), 4 614;

  promoted by the Family Compact, 614;

  receives official support, 620-1;

  its rivalry with Bank of Montreal, 624;

  increases its capital, 625, 5 278;

  its share of government business, 4 627-8;

  and the suspension of specie payments, 634-5;

  deprived of government business, 5 286;

  its failure (1866), 288-90.

Bank of Western Canada, 5 279, 283.

Bank of Yarmouth. Established (1859), 10 628;

  its failure, 648.

Bankhead. British chargé at Washington, 8 813.

Banking. See Currency and Banking.

Bannatyne, Andrew Graham Ballenden (1829-89). Urges a surrender to Riel, 19 77;

  in Riel’s government, 11 155;

  imprisoned and released, 19 84, 86;

  testifies to Riel’s loyalty, 11 153;

  member of North-West Council, 19 198.

Banner, The, newspaper. George Brown’s connection with, 5 61.

Bannerman, Sir Alexander, lieutenant-governor of Prince Edward Island (1851-4). His marriage, 13 351;

  and the grant of responsible government, 14 501, 13 368.

Banque de St Jean. Failure of, 10 648.

Banque du Peuple. Incorporated (1843), 4 631;

  amends its charter, 5 278.

Banque Ville Marie. Failure of, 10 648.

Banshee. Canadian Navigation Company’s steamer, 10 539.

Baptists.

  Special Article: The Baptists in Canada, 11 345-76;

  origin, tenets, and organization, 345-9;

  Dominion statistics, 376.

  Maritime Provinces:

    variations of national type, 350;

    newspapers and periodicals, 351, 359;

    effect of ‘Great Awakening,’ 351-2;

    first churches, 352, 356;

    ‘New Light’ preachers, 353;

    Nova Scotia Baptist Association formed, 353-4;

    daily wage of pioneer preachers, 354;

    Free Baptist Christian Conference, 356;

    ‘Regular’ and ‘Free’ Baptists, 355;

    influence of Granville Street Baptist Church, Halifax, 357-8, 13 288;

    foreign missions, 11 358;

    statistics, 359-60.

  Ontario and Quebec:

    pioneer churches, 360-2;

    pioneer church life, 363;

    obstacles to co-operative effort, 363;

    beginnings of organization, 363-4;

    first church in Montreal, 364;

    periodicals, 365-6, 368;

    union followed by separation, 366;

    foreign missions, 367;

    provincial conventions and their union, 367-9;

    organizations, 370;

    church statistics, 370;

    conventions, 370-1;

    the Grande Ligne Mission, 371-3;

    work, periodicals, and statistics in the West, 374-6.

Baranoff, Alexander Andrevitch (1746-1819), Russian fur trader. On Baranoff Island (1778), 21 242.

Barbier, Nicolas. Interested in elementary schools, 16 333.

Barclay, Anthony. Boundary commissioner, 8 828, 829, 830, 831, 832, 833, 834, 835.

Barclay, Robert Heriot (d. 1837), British naval officer. Defeated on Lake Erie, 3 244.

Barclay, Thomas (1753-1830). British boundary representative, 8 758, 759, 764-5, 772, 776-7, 786.

Bardy, Félix Séverin (1815-47). Victim of typhus epidemic of 1847, 11 96.

Baring and Glyn. English directors of Grand Trunk Railway, 10 401;

  take over Grand Trunk rolling stock, 416.

Baring Brothers and Company. Dominion government’s financial agents, 7 485.

Barker, John. A grantee of Murray township, Upper Canada, 17 44.

Barkley, Charles William (1759-1832). Sails to Nootka Sound under Austrian flag, 21 32;

  discovers Strait of Juan de Fuca, 32-33;

  murder of part of his crew, 33.

Barmhill, John. Member of first presbytery in Canada, 11 259.

Barnard. Publisher of Le Journal d’Agriculture Illustré, 16 524.

Barnardin, Sebastian, Récollet missionary in Acadia. Succumbs from hunger and fatigue (1623), 13 35.

Barnes, Captain, R.A. Assists in settling the loyalists, 17 24;

  presents a bell to Anglican church at Sorel, 11 214.

Barnesfare, Captain Adam. Defender of the Près-de-Ville, Quebec, 3 91-92.

Barney, Joshua (1759-1818), American naval commander. Taken prisoner at Bladensburg, 3 269.

Barnsley, James M. (b. 1867). Canadian artist, 12 624.

Barnstead, Arthur Stanley (b. 1873). Secretary of Industries and Immigration department, Nova Scotia, 14 651.

Baronets of Nova Scotia. Instituted by James I (1624), 13 36-37;

  number of baronies and conditions of grants, 37;

  failure of scheme, 37.

Barr, James (Angus Evan Abbott) (b. 1862). Novelist and journalist, 12 563.

Barr, Robert. First schoolmaster of Vancouver Island, 21 106;

  his allowances for boarding pupils, 106.

Barr, Robert (1850-1912). Canadian novelist, 12 562-3.

Barr Colony or All-British Settlement. Founded by Rev. I. M. Barr, 7 549-52, 19 180-5;

  number and racial components of immigrants, 182-3;

  causes increase of prices in Saskatoon, 183;

  founder absconds, 183;

  locations made by, 184.

Barrett, J. K. Editor of the North-West Review, 11 187.

Barrett, Miss. Methodist mission school teacher, 20 479.

Barrington. First Free Baptist congregation in the Maritime Provinces formed at, 11 355.

Barron, F. W. Instructor in Toronto normal school, 18 312.

Barrow Strait. Franklin search expeditions meet in (1850), 5 303.

Barry, John. His suspension from Nova Scotia assembly, 13 277-8;

  expelled and re-elected, 278;

  committed to prison and rescued by rioters, 278.

Barry, Mlle Robertine (‘Françoise’). Her chroniques, 12 488.

Barry, Thomas (b. 1841). Roman Catholic bishop of Chatham, 11 78.

Barss, Joseph. Captain of the Liverpool Packet privateer, 13 253.

Barthélemy, Brother. Superior of Brothers of the Christian Schools, 16 345.

Bartlett, S. T. Methodist Church organizer, 11 240.

Basilian Fathers. In charge of St Michael’s College, Toronto (1851), 11 60;

  at Owen Sound missions, 64;

  at Sandwich, 63.

Basset, Jean (1646-1716). Founds convent at Pointe-aux-Trembles, Quebec (1716), 16 358.

Bastedo, Samuel Tovel (b. 1855). Superintendent of Canadian government annuities, 6 162.

Batavia. First Cunarder built with compound engines, 10 601.

Bate, Mark. Mining pioneer of Nanaimo, 21 123.

Bates, Joshua (1788-1864). Umpire in Washington seizure arbitration, 8 693.

Bates, Walter (1760-1842). A pioneer loyalist of St John, 13 144;

  author of Comparison for Caraboo (1817), 12 535.

Bath, Thomas Thynne, third Marquess of (1765-1837). Sends out settlers to Upper Canada, 17 82.

Bathurst, Henry, third Earl Bathurst (1762-1834), secretary for War and the Colonies (1812-27). Intimates increase in Bishop Plessis’ allowance, 11 40;

  and protection for Red River settlers, 19 33-34 and n.;

  his instructions to Drummond, 3 281;

  and the fisheries question, 8 683-4;

  wants an understanding with Roman Catholic Church, 3 284;

  would consent to Sewell’s retirement, 285;

  proposes to open patronage to French-Canadians, 286;

  and adjudication on assembly’s charges, 4 481-2;

  and Talbot Settlement, 17 73;

  receives Bishop Plessis, 11 46;

  and Lanark Settlement, 17 77;

  on relations of governor and lieutenant-governor, 4 447-8;

  and civil rights for American citizens, 3 332-3;

  withholds purchase of clergy reserves by Canada Company, 334;

  retirement of, 305.

Bathurst, N.B. Its early importance in shipbuilding, 10 585.

Bathurst Inlet. Explored by Franklin, 4 681;

  its copper-bearing rocks, 22 658.

Batoche. A centre of disturbance during North-West Rebellion, 7 430;

  Middleton’s victory at (1885), 6 103, 11 171.

Batt, Major. Commands relieving party at Fort Cumberland, 13 135.

Battleford. A centre of disaffection in North-West Rebellion, 7 430;

  Indian attack on, 6 102, 7 600;

  capital of North-West Territories, 19 161, 200-1;

  criticism of transfer of seat of government from, 201 n.

Baudin, J. B. Incumbent of St Mary’s Church, Winnipeg, 11 161.

Baudoin, Michel (1692-c. 1768), Jesuit. Vicar-general of Louisiana, 11 15.

Bavarian.

  (1) Canadian Navigation Company’s steamer, 10 539.

  (2) First Transatlantic liner to be built entirely of steel, 10 607.

Baxter, Simon. Loyalist pioneer at Fort Howe, 13 142.

Bay State. American Mail Line steamer, 10 540.

Bayard, James Asheton (1767-1815). United States signatory to Treaty of Ghent (1814), 8 771.

Bayard, Thomas Francis (1828-98), American secretary of state. And British seizures of fishing vessels, 8 699;

  his negotiations with Tupper, 9 168;

  proposes appointment of fisheries commission, 8 702;

  and protection of seals, 724.

Baye Sainct Laurens (Pillage Bay). Jacques Cartier at, 1 35;

  name extended to River and Gulf of the St Lawrence, 35.

Bayly, Charles, governor at Fort Charles, 1 170;

  at Fort Nelson, 182-3.

Baynes, Admiral. His tactful conduct during occupation of San Juan, 8 874, 21 149.

Baynes, Colonel Edward (d. 1829). Present at attack on Sackett’s Harbour, 3 240-1;

  sent to propose an armistice, 254.

Bazin, Philippe J. (b. 1855). Civil Service inquiry commissioner, 6 164.

Beadle, D. W. Horticultural editor of Canada Farmer, 18 568.

Beam, Jacob. Pioneer Baptist in Niagara peninsula, 11 360.

Beamsville. Pioneer Baptist congregation formed at, 11 360.

Bear Head. See Cap Royal.

Beardsley, John (1732-1810). First resident Anglican clergyman at St John, N.B. (1783), 11 209;

  transferred to Maugerville, 209.

Beasley, Richard. Sells land on Grand River to Mennonites, 17 47.

Beatty, J. W. (b. 1862). Canadian artist, 12 618, 631.

Beaubien, Jean Baptiste (b. c. 1785). Establishes village on site of Chicago, 15 77.

Beaubien, Jean Louis (1787-1863). Missionary priest in Prince Edward Island, 11 42.

Beaubien, Louis (1837-1915). Quebec cabinet minister (1892), 15 207.

Beauchâtel, Colonel. Mortally wounded on Plains of Abraham, 1 306.

Beauchemin, Nérée (b. 1851). French-Canadian poet, 12 469.

Beaucourt, de (b. 1735). First native Canadian painter to study art in France, 12 601.

Beauharnois, Charles, Marquis de (1670-1749), governor of New France (1726-47). Favours a Jesuit college at Montreal, 16 385;

  opposes settlers leaving for New Orleans, 15 58;

  claims jurisdiction over Iroquois, 2 369;

  favours Western exploration, 11 117;

  favours La Vérendrye’s schemes, 1 118, 135;

  on deterioration of Canadian troops, 2 371;

  states that there is no check on notes in circulation, 519.

Beauharnois Canal. Its construction and supersession, 10 512.

Beaujeu, Captain de. Killed at Fort Duquesne, 1 241.

Beaujeu, de. Attempts to surprise American guard at Point Lévis, 3 96.

Beaumont, professor in King’s College. Supports Baldwin’s university bill at college council, 18 372.

Beaupoil, Gui de. French émigré, settles in Canada and returns, 17 55.

Beaupoil, Marquis de. See Sainte-Aulaire.

Beauport. Seigniory of, granted to Robert Giffard (1634), 2 325;

  proposal to set up court at, 325;

  passes to Juchereau de St Denis, 2 557.

Beaux Hommes (probably Crow Indians), 1 127.

Beaven, James (1801-75). Professor in King’s College, Toronto, 18 364;

  attacks Baldwin’s university bill, 367;

  his protest at college council, 373.

Beaven, Robert. One of fathers of Confederation in British Columbia, 21 171 n.;

  in first legislative assembly, 180;

  an opponent of Chinese labour, 253;

  commissioner of Lands and Works, 183;

  and the secession address, 199;

  minister of Finance and Agriculture, 202;

  premier, 208;

  declines to form a ministry, 223.

Beaver.

  (1) Lake Erie schooner built (1763), 10 485;

  employed at siege of Detroit, 3 61.

  (2) First steam vessel on North Pacific, 10 569, 21 69, 77-78, 150.

Beaver 2nd. Lake vessel, 10 486.

Beaver Dam. Battle of, 3 242-3.

Beaver Lake. Fort built on, by Alexander Henry the Elder, 4 646.

Beaver Line. Shipping company established (1876), 10 610;

  its routes and fleet, 611, 14 429;

  liquidation and successive owners of, 10 612.

Beaverton. Lakes freighter, 10 557.

Bécancour, René Robineau de (1629-99). Created Baron de Portneuf (1681), 2 569.

Becerra, Diego, Spanish explorer. Slain by his pilot, 21 14.

Beck, Sir Adam (b. 1857). In provincial cabinet of Ontario (1905), 17 184;

  chairman of Niagara Falls Power Commission, 18 477, 478.

Beck, Nicholas Du Bois Dominic (b. 1857). Vice-chancellor of University of Alberta, 20 501;

  Alberta and Great Waterways Railway Inquiry commissioner, 19 277.

Beckwith, John A. Provincial secretary of New Brunswick, 14 418.

Beckwith, Nehemiah. Defeated in Sunbury County, 13 164.

Bédard, Antoine. Missionary priest in New Brunswick, 11 42.

Bedard, Avila, of the Quebec Forestry Service, 16 550.

Bédard, Elzéar (1799-1849). First mayor of Quebec, 15 304;

  moves adoption of Ninety-two Resolutions, 3 317.

Bédard, Jean Baptiste Charles (1765-1825), Sulpician. Missionary at Kingston, 11 26.

Bédard, Pierre Stanislas (1762-1829). First to demand ministerial responsibility, 15 10;

  contributes to Le Canadien, 12 443;

  his arrest and imprisonment, 3 164, 4 476;

  raised to the bench, 3 276.

Bédard, Theophile Pierre (1844-1900). French-Canadian historian, 12 459.

Bedout, Admiral (b. 1751). French-Canadian admiral, 15 11.

Beebe, George W. Provincial secretary of British Columbia, 21 225.

Beecher, Jonathan. Loyalist refugee, 13 237.

Beechey Island. Franklin passes winter (1845-6) at, 5 296.

Begbie, Sir Matthew Baillie (1819-94). First chief justice of British Columbia (1870-94), 21 147, 150, 22 390;

  his services, 391;

  anecdote of, 391;

  and the M^cGowan riots, 21 153.

Begg, Alexander (1824-1904). Author of a History of British Columbia, 12 504.

Begg, Alexander (1840-98). Author of works on the North-West, 12 504.

Begging, forbidden in New France, 2 353;

  idlers and sturdy beggars, 507.

Bégin, Louis Nazaire (b. 1840). Roman Catholic bishop of Chicoutimi, 11 109;

  archbishop of Quebec, 106.

Bégon, Michel, Sieur de la Picardière (1674-1740), intendant of New France (1710-26). Asked to furnish evidence restricting boundaries of Acadia, 2 365;

  and Lake St Pierre-Lachine canal, 10 504;

  his control over Indians, 2 368.

Belaine, Cape Breton. Scottish settlement formed at (1629), 13 38.

Belcher, Sir Edward (1799-1877). Leads Franklin search expedition (1852), 5 303.

Belcher, Jonathan, jr. (1711-76), chief justice of Nova Scotia (1754-76). Ceremonies attending his installation, 13 87;

  his influence in establishing representative government, 103, 14 440-1;

  acting governor, 13 108, 118.

Belcourt, Georges Antoine (1803-74). Roman Catholic missionary to Indians, 11 126;

  missions founded by, 127, 129, 130;

  experimental school established by, 20 419;

  his intervention saves a Hudson’s Bay Company clerk, 11 127;

  settles at Pembina, 135;

  supports Red River petition of 1845, 135;

  restrains the Métis, 19 55;

  his grammar of the Chippewa language, 20 419.

Belêtre, François Marie Picote, Sieur de. French commander at Detroit, 3 57.

Belgium. Commercial treaty of 1862 hampers inter-imperial trade preference, 9 173;

  treaty denounced, 207;

  given Canadian intermediate rates, 238;

  immigration from, 7 563.

Bell, Andrew (1753-1832), founder of Madras system of education. System introduced into Canada, 18 282.

  See Madras Schools.

Bell, John. Constructs Fort M^cPherson, 5 306;

  his journeys of 1842 and 1846, 5 306, 22 605.

Bell, John (d. 1849). Exhibits at Cobourg agricultural show (1848), 18 563.

Bell, J. M. (b. 1877). His mineral discovery on Great Bear Lake, 22 656.

Bell, Patrick (1799-1869). Invents a reaping-machine, 18 564-5;

  his connection with Canada, 556.

Bell, Robert (b. 1841). Dominion government scientist, 12 520;

  his mineral discovery on Great Slave Lake, 22 656.

Bell, William (1780-1857). Presbyterian minister at Perth (1811), 11 266.

Bell River. See Rat River.

Bell-Smith, Frederick Marlett (b. 1846). Canadian artist, 12 621.

Bella Coola River. Mackenzie’s journeys on the, 4 655-7.

Belleau, Sir Narcisse Fortunat (1808-94). Lieutenant-governor of Quebec (1867-73), 15 171.

Belle Ile, Daniel de Gotteville de. Commands expedition to Island of St John, 13 313.

Belleisle, Alexandre le Borgne, Sieur de (1708-44). His attack on Annapolis Royal (1744), 13 80.

Belle-Isle, Charles Louis Auguste Fouquet, Marshal de (1684-1761). Instructs Montcalm to ‘keep some foothold in America,’ 1 277.

Belleville. Representative municipal government introduced in, 18 424;

  incorporated (1834), 424.

Belleville.

  (1) Lake Ontario steamboat, 10 499.

  (2) Richelieu and Ontario Navigation Company’s steamer, 10 539, 552.

Bellot Strait, in American Arctic Sea, between Boothia Felix and Somerset Island. Discovered by Captain Kennedy, 5 303;

  named after a French naval officer, 303 n.

Belvidera. Attacked by an American squadron (1812), 13 256.

Benedictines. Settle on Vancouver Island, 11 184.

Ben Franklin. Michigan Central Railway steamboat, 10 545.

Bengough, John Wilson (b. 1851). Canadian cartoonist, 12 631.

Bennet, John. Superintendent of Education, New Brunswick, 14 552.

Bennet, Joseph. Anglican clergyman in Nova Scotia, 11 205.

Bennett, Richard Bedford (b. 1870). And provincial autonomy, 19 259;

  leads opposition in Alberta assembly, 275;

  and a railway scandal, 276.

Benson, Egbert. Member of St Croix River Commission, 8 758, 760, 764-5.

Bentinck, Lord William Cavendish (1774-1839). Governor-general of India, 5 37.

Benton, Congregational minister. His persecution and imprisonment (1801), 11 381.

Benton, Thomas Hart (1782-1858), American senator. Attacks Webster on Maine boundary settlement, 8 818;

  on ‘Red Line’ map, 820;

  and Oregon boundary deadlock, 864;

  ridicules the ‘Fifty-four-Forties,’ 866 and n.

Berchereau, François Chauvigny de. See Chauvigny de Berchereau.

Berczy, William (c. 1749-1813). Markham township granted to, 17 50;

  his colonization work, 50-51.

Berczy, William von Moll (b. 1748). Painter in Montreal, 12 602.

Berey, Claude Charles Félix de (1720-1800), last superior of the Récollets. Death of, 11 21, 16 408.

Bering, Vitus (1680-1741), Danish navigator. His expeditions to the North Pacific, 8 727, 846, 21 39-41.

Bering Island, in North Pacific, the most westerly of Aleutian Islands. Death of Vitus Bering at, 21 40.

Bering Sea Dispute.

  Special Article: Seal Fisheries Arbitration, 8 723-48.

  Cession of Alaska to United States (1867), 723;

  lease of Pribyloff group, 723;

  diminution of seal herd, 723;

  seizures of Canadian sealers, 723-4;

  reference to arbitration, 724-5;

  composition of tribunal, 725-6;

  first four questions submitted, and arguments of parties, 726, 729-33;

  shifting of base of American contentions, 734;

  right of protection or property in seals and arguments thereon, 735-44;

  sittings of tribunal, 744;

  awards, 6 121, 8 744-5;

  regulations agreed by arbitrators, 746-7;

  compensation paid for illegal seizures, 6 121, 8 747;

  prohibition of pelagic sealing and compensation paid to Canada, 747-8, 9 159, 160, 219.

Bering Strait, channel connecting Arctic with Pacific Ocean. Named by Captain Cook, 21 28.

Berkeley Springs. Outline of Reciprocity treaty arranged at (1853), 5 241.

Berlin Decrees (1806), 3 194, 196.

Bermond, Father. Missionary in the West, 11 134.

Bernard, Alexis Xyste (b. 1847). Roman Catholic bishop of St Hyacinthe, 11 91.

Bernard, J., actor. Played in Montreal (1829), 12 655.

Bernard, John (1714-79), governor of Massachusetts Bay. Obtains grants of land, 8 756.

Bernard, Mountague (1820-82). British treaty commissioner, 6 47.

Bernard, William. Leader of a land settlement association at Shipton, 15 152.

Bernier, Hector. Author of Au large de l’Écueil, 12 477.

Bernières, Henri de (1635-1700), superior of Quebec Seminary. Welcomes Saint-Vallier to Quebec, 2 426.

Berrey, Charles Claude de. Pupil of Jesuit College, Quebec, 16 368.

Berthelot, François. Exchanges seigniory of Isle Jesus for Isle d’Orleans, 2 558, 16 336;

  created Comte de Saint-Laurent, 2 558, 569;

  his good works, 16 336, 357.

Berthier, Alexandre (1638-1709). Granted a seigniory, 15 39.

Berthier-en-Haut. Its successive ownership, 2 554.

Berthon, Theodore (1806-92). Portrait painter, 12 627.

Beschefer, Thierry (1630-1711). Superior of Jesuit College, Quebec, 16 366.

Best, Stephen. His property pillaged by privateers, 13 219.

Bethune, Alexander Neil (1800-79), Anglican bishop of Toronto (1867-79). Founds divinity school at Cobourg, 11 224, 18 361;

  his biography of Strachan, 12 510.

Bethune, George G. Accompanies Sir Peregrine Maitland on his visit to Peterborough, 17 87.

Bethune, John (1751-1815). Organizes first Presbyterian congregation of Montreal (1786), 11 265;

  settles in Glengarry County, 265.

Bethune, John (1791-1872). Anglican missionary at Elizabethtown, 11 222;

  chaplain to troops in Montreal, 218.

Betournay, Louis (d. 1879). One of judges in trial of Ambroise Lépine, 20 371.

Betsy. Ship on which French émigrés sailed to Canada, 17 54.

Betts, J. F. Member of first Territorial assembly, 19 222, 229, 234, 235;

  defeats the executive, 241-2.

Betzner, Samuel. Pioneer Mennonite in Upper Canada, 17 47.

Biard, Pierre (1565-1622), Jesuit. His mission to the Micmacs, 2 383-5;

  interviews a baptized polygamist, 383-4;

  his enthusiasm, 384-5, 13 33;

  on provident habits of Indian women, 27;

  taken prisoner by Samuel Argall, 2 386, 13 34.

Bibaud, Michel (1782-1857). Publishes first French-Canadian miscellany of poems, 12 443;

  his Histoire du Canada, 450-1;

  on educational progress, 16 413;

  his services to education, 421, 422;

  describes Quebec as ‘the Paris of America,’ 12 438.

Bible Christians, 11 309, 310.

Bic. Fever-stricken ship at, 2 435.

Bidwell, Barnabas. Opens an academy at Bath, 18 352;

  returned to Upper Canada assembly and disqualified, 3 332.

Bidwell, Marshall Spring (1799-1872). His nomination to Upper Canada assembly refused, and subsequent election, 3 332;

  speaker, 336, 339, 349;

  governor’s refusal to promote to bench, 356;

  and Rebellion of 1837, 367.

Biencourt de Poutrincourt, Charles (1583-c. 1624). Instructs Membertou in the Christian religion, 2 382;

  prejudiced against the Jesuits, 385;

  visits France and reports Indian conversions, 13 32;

  his administration of Acadia, 33;

  remains after destruction of French settlements, 35;

  returns to France, 39.

Biencourt, Jean de. See Poutrincourt.

Big Bear, Indian chief. Leader in North-West Rebellion, 6 102, 103, 7 430;

  demands compensation paid to Hudson’s Bay Company, 19 208 n.

Big Creek, Lake Erie. Dollier and Galinée in blizzard at, 1 97.

Bigelow, William. Shipbuilder at Mahone Bay, 10 582.

Bigot, François (b. 1703), intendant of New France (1748-60). Commissaire-ordonnateur at Louisbourg, 1 210;

  corrupt administration of, 250, 263, 265, 275, 280, 283, 2 440, 506, 15 84;

  his manipulation of the finances, 2 513, 521-2, 525-8.

Bigot, Vincent (1649-1720). Superior of Jesuit College, Quebec, 16 366.

Billopp, Christopher (c. 1738-1827). Candidate at St John election (1785), 13 164.

Bineteau, Julien (1660-99), Jesuit. Founds a mission on site of Chicago, 15 77.

Binney, Hibbert (1819-87). Anglican bishop of Nova Scotia (1851-87), 11 206, 208.

Birch, Arthur N. Member of first legislative council of British Columbia, 21 166 and n.

Bird, J. Curtis (d. 1876). Member of convention committee of Red River, 19 83 n.;

  and of first board of Education of Manitoba, 20 427.

Bishop Pinkham College, Calgary, 11 244, 20 499.

Bishop’s College, Lennoxville. Its foundation and history, 11 220, 240-1, 16 498-9.

Bisset, George (d. 1788). Anglican incumbent at St John, N.B., 11 209.

Bisshopp, Cecil (1783-1813), lieutenant-colonel. At battle of Beaver Dam, 3 242;

  captures Black Rock and is mortally wounded, 244.

Blachford, Frederic Rogers, Baron Blachford (1811-99), under-secretary for Colonies. On Macdonald’s part in the Confederation conferences, 5 7.

Black, George. One of builders of the Royal William, 10 592.

Black, John (1817-79). Takes custody of Donald Smith’s papers at Red River, 19 82;

  a delegate to Ottawa, 6 37, 11 155, 19 85, 90 n., 91.

Black, John (1818-82). Presbyterian minister at Red River, 11 286, 20 425;

  his appeal for assistance, 11 286;

  engages in teaching, 20 426;

  member of first board of Education of Manitoba, 427.

Black, S. M. (d. 1909). Baptist minister in New Brunswick, 11 359.

Black, Walter S. Member of first legislative council of British Columbia, 21 166.

Black, William (1782-1834). Pioneer Methodist of Nova Scotia, 11 303-4.

Black, William (1770-1866). President and commander-in-chief in New Brunswick (1829-31), 13 199.

Black, William John. Principal of Manitoba Agricultural College, 20 445.

Black River, south of Lake Superior. Petuns established at, 1 69.

Black Rock. Captured by Colonel Bisshopp, 3 244;

  burnt by Sir Phineas Riall, 252;

  abortive British attempt on, 259-60.

Black Watch. Bagpipes play at Ticonderoga, 1 266.

  See also Forty-second Regiment.

Blackbourn, Joseph. One of fathers of Confederation in British Columbia, 21 171 n.

Blackfeet, Indian tribe. Visited by Anthony Hendry, 4 649;

  raid Fort Carlton, 5 323;

  encountered by Milton and Cheadle, 325;

  cede territory, 7 597, 19 159-61;

  and disappearance of buffalo, 7 601;

  their territory and numbers, 11 115, 20 286.

Blackfoot Crossing (Bow River). Indian treaty concluded at, 7 597.

Bladen, Martin (1680-1746). Boundary commissioner, 1 191, 8 889, 911.

‘Bladensburg.’ American defeat at, 3 269.

Blaeberry River, a tributary of the Columbia. Discovered by Duncan M^cGillivray, 8 859 n.;

  David Thompson on the, 4 666.

Blaine, Archibald, lieutenant. Holds Fort Ligonier, 3 64.

Blaine, James Gillespie (1830-93), American statesman. Justifies seizure of Canadian sealers, 8 724;

  and the Bering arbitration, 731, 732;

  and commercial union with Latin America, 9 163-4;

  enters into trade convention with Newfoundland, 8 704;

  his name used in Canadian election campaign of 1891, 9 168-9;

  his reciprocity conditions, 169.

Blainville, Céloron de. Claims Ohio for France, 1 236.

Blair, Adam Johnston Fergusson (1815-67), 6 22.

Blair, Andrew George (1844-1907), premier of New Brunswick (1883-96). Effects reforms as premier of New Brunswick, 14 428;

  and commercial union, 6 110;

  minister of Railways, 131, 14 428;

  his railway policy, 10 466, 467;

  his resignation, 6 149;

  chief railway commissioner, 150, 10 471;

  resigns, 6 153.

Blais, André Albert (b. 1842). Roman Catholic bishop of Rimouski, 11 108.

Blake, Edward (1833-1912), premier of Ontario (1871-2). His double victory in 1867, 17 110 and n.;

  declines leadership of provincial opposition, 113;

  opposes dual representation, 113-4, 134;

  condemns Cameron for undertaking Whelan’s defence, 115;

  condemns concession of ‘better terms’ to Nova Scotia, 116;

  leader of opposition, 117;

  his devotional appeal in 1871, 120-1;

  moves resolution on railway aid, 120;

  condemns Sandfield Macdonald’s railway policy, 123;

  attacks Ryerson’s education policy, 18 318, 389;

  accused of corruption, 17 124-5 and n.;

  and provincial rights, 159;

  his administration as premier, 128-35;

  elects to sit in federal house, 135;

  joins Mackenzie’s administration, 6 64;

  his attitude on Pacific Scandal, 57, 59;

  and Vancouver Island railway, 66;

  opposes C.P.R. contract, 89-91;

  his attack on ‘monopoly’ clause, 19 115-6;

  supports Canada First party, 6 70;

  leader of opposition in federal house, 88;

  his election address in 1882, 92;

  on validation of Scott Act, 97;

  his attitude on Scott tragedy, 44, 17 130-1, 133-4, 19 89;

  on Riel’s mental condition, 6 104, 105;

  resigns leadership, 106;

  on protection as an established policy, 9 167;

  his letter on reciprocity (1891) and its effect, 6 113-5;

  as a public man, 25-26, 17 110, 135-6.

Blake, William Hume (1809-70). Professor in King’s College, Toronto, 18 364.

Blakey, Robert (1790-1858). Anglican clergyman at Prescott, 11 223.

Blanc, René le. Pioneer colonist at Minas, 13 52.

Blanc Sablon. Jacques Cartier at, 1 29, 33, 34.

Blanchard, C. W. Theatre lessee in Montreal, 12 655.

Blanchard, Jotham (d. 1840). Founds Colonial Patriot at Pictou, 13 276;

  attacks Dalhousie’s abuse of prerogative, 276-7;

  returned to Nova Scotia assembly, 280-1.

Blanche, Gustave (b. 1848). Roman Catholic bishop of Gulf of St Lawrence, 11 109.

Blanchet, François (1776-1830). Contributor to Le Canadien, 12 443.

Blanchet, François Norbert. Missionary priest in New Brunswick, 11 42.

Blanchet, Norbert F. Missionary priest in the West, 11 128, 149, 162.

Blanshard, Richard (d. 1894). First governor of Vancouver Island, 21 87, 89;

  arrives in Victoria (1850), 90;

  treatment accorded to, 90-91;

  his reports, 92-93;

  and Indian troubles at Fort Rupert, 93-96;

  censured by Grey and resigns, 96;

  his life in retirement, 97, 125.

Blatchley, W. D. (1843-1903). Canadian designer and painter, 12 609.

Blenkhorn, Thomas. Justice of peace in British Columbia, 21 106;

  petitions for retention of Governor Blanshard, 121, 123.

Blenkinsop. Accused of sending Indians in pursuit of Hudson’s Bay Company deserters, 21 93-94, 95-96.

Blessed Virgin Mary, Order of the Presentation of the, 11 91.

Blewett, Mrs Jean (b. 1862). Canadian writer of verse, 12 588.

Bliss, Daniel (1739-1805). Member of first council of New Brunswick, 13 154, 155.

Bliss, John Murray (1771-1834). President and commander-in-chief in New Brunswick (1824-31), 13 195.

Bliss, Jonathan (d. 1822). Attorney-general of New Brunswick, 13 154;

  candidate for St John in 1785, 13 164;

  chief justice, 167.

Blonde, frigate. Its crew rescued by American privateers, 13 224.

Bloods, Indian tribe. Cede territory, 7 597.

Bloody Fall. Massacre of Eskimos at, 4 671-2;

  Franklin at, 680-1;

  Richardson abandons boats at, 684;

  Rae finds difficulty in reaching, 5 300.

‘Bloody Morning Scout.’ Ambush near Lake George (1755), 1 243.

Bloody Run. Dalzell ambushed at, 3 65.

Blossom, British warship. At Astoria, 21 61.

Blowers, Sampson Salter (c. 1743-1842). First attorney-general of New Brunswick, 13 153;

  appointed to Nova Scotia, 154.

Blue, Archibald (1840-1914). Deputy minister of Agriculture of Ontario, 18 573.

Blue Funnel Line. Its freight service, 10 618.

Boat Encampment, at mouth of Canoe River. David Thompson’s survey of Columbia completed at, 4 669.

Bobé, Father. Suggests routes to Western Sea, 1 117.

Bochart de Champigny, Jean. See Champigny.

Bocquet, Le Simple (d. 1787). Roman Catholic missionary at Detroit, 11 24.

Bodin, Jean (1530-96), French economist. Favours freedom of trade, 2 446 n.

Boëls, Father. Ministers to Ruthenian Catholics, 11 190.

Boerstler, Charles G. Surrenders at Beaver Dam, 3 242-3.

Bogg, John. Opposition candidate at St John (1785), 13 164.

Bohemian. Allan liner, wrecked in 1864, 10 605.

Boishébert, Charles des Champs de (b. 1727). Commands irregulars at Louisbourg, 1 225;

  defeats Major Frye, 13 97.

Boisramé, O.M.I. brother. Sent to Ile à la Crosse, 11 141;

  pioneer on Mackenzie River, 147.

Boisson, Potier du. Describes wheat of Prince Edward Island, 13 309.

Bolduc, Jean Baptiste (1818-89). Missionary priest in British Columbia, 11 131, 21 78.

Bompas, William Carpenter (1834-1906). Anglican bishop of Athabaska (1873-84), of Mackenzie (1884-91), and of Selkirk (1891-1905), 11 231.

Bonaventure, M. de. French officer at Louisbourg, 1 204;

  at Port la Joye, 13 320;

  land held by verbal tenure from, 308.

Bonaventure, Récollet brother. His arrival in Quebec, 2 391.

Bonaventure. British ship engaged in reduction of Fort Nelson (1696), 1 186.

Bonaventure River. Its fishing rental, 16 563.

Bond, Phineas (1749-1815), British consul at Philadelphia. Assists in preparation of British case before St Croix River Commission, 8 759.

Bond, Sir Robert (b. 1857), prime minister of Newfoundland. Enters into trade convention with United States, 8 704;

  negotiates the Hay-Bond Treaty, 705;

  raises questions of interpretation of Treaty of 1818, 706-7, 720.

Bond, William Bennett (1815-1906). Anglican primate of all Canada, 11 220.

Bond, Willis. One of fathers of Confederation in British Columbia, 21 171 n.

Bonnald, Étienne. Missionary priest to the Eastern Crees, 11 161.

Bonne, Pierre Amable (d. 1816), judge. His expulsion by Lower Canada assembly, 3 162, 164, 4 477.

Bonnecamp, Joseph Pierre de (1707-90). Professor of hydrography in Jesuit College, Quebec, 16 376-7.

Bonnington. Steamer on the Arrow Lakes, 10 571.

Bonnycastle, Sir Richard Henry (1791-1848). His works on Canada, 12 515;

  president of first society of artists in Ontario, 12 634.

Bons. See Currency.

Bonsall, Richard. Opposition candidate for St John (1785), 13 164.

Boone, Thomas. Deputy paymaster-general of Quebec, 4 499.

Booth, Cornelius. Member of first legislative assembly of British Columbia, 21 180.

Booth, John P. Member of first legislative assembly of British Columbia, 21 180.

Booth, William (1829-1912). Founder of the Salvation Army, 11 396-7.

Boothia Peninsula. Explored by James Clark Ross, 4 185-6;

  explored by Rae, 5 304.

Borden, Sir Frederick William (b. 1847). Minister of Militia (1896-1911), 6 131;

  his dismissal of Dundonald, 151-2;

  his contentions with Hutton and Dundonald, 7 443-4;

  at Imperial Defence Conference (1909), 6 169, 7 461-2;

  his amendment to Navy Service Bill, 6 170-1.

Borden, Sir Robert Laird (b. 1854), prime minister of Canada. Succeeds Tupper in conservative leadership, 6 143-4;

  supports public ownership of Grand Trunk Pacific, 150, 10 460-1;

  supports autonomy for North-West Territories, 19 261;

  planks in his Halifax Platform, 6 165, 10 467, 18 487;

  approves of provincial ownership of public lands in Prairie Provinces, 19 136.

Borgne, Emmanuel le, Sieur de Coudray. Raids Nicolas Denys’ settlements, 13 48.

Bornu. Steamship of the Elder-Dempster Line, 10 616.

Boscawen, Edward (1711-61), British admiral. Captures French men-of-war, 1 220;

  commands before Louisbourg, 222-5, 13 324;

  captures French transports, 1 243;

  hampered by cabinet, 246;

  defeats La Clue, 308;

  reports Island of St John to be a base of supplies for Quebec, 13 324.

Boscowitz Steamship Company, 10 573.

Bossange, H. Bookseller in Montreal (1817), 12 439.

Boston. Embassy sent from Canada to (1650), 2 332, 334;

  Acadian trade with, 488.

Boston.

  (1) Lakes vessel launched (1764), 10 486.

  (2) American vessel seized by Indians at Nootka, 21 53.

  (3) Steamer on Digby-Boston route, 10 562.

‘Boston Massacre,’ 3 78-79.

Bosworth, Newton (d. 1848), Baptist minister. Author of Hochelaga Depicta, 11 365.

Botham, A., King’s Loyal Americans. Assists in surveying for loyalist settlements in Upper Canada, 17 23.

Bothnia. Cunarder, 10 601.

Botsford, Amos (1743-1812). Visits St John River as loyalist agent, 13 142, 143;

  speaker of first legislative assembly of New Brunswick, 165.

Bouc, Charles Baptiste. Expelled by Lower Canada assembly, 4 477, 479.

Boucher, Georges (1814-98). French-Canadian novelist, 12 476.

Boucher, Nicolas. School director at Château-Richer, 16 334.

Boucher, Philippe (1665-1721). Opens school at Point Levy, 16 335;

  gives instruction in Latin, 384.

Boucher de Boucherville et de Grosbois, Pierre (1622-1717), governor of Three Rivers (1652). On care taken to keep out dissolute women, 2 417;

  on standard of virtue in colony, 15 32;

  represents colony in France, 2 458;

  seigniory granted to, 15 39;

  his success in settling immigrants, 53;

  ennobled, 53;

  his services to agriculture, 16 506.

Boucher de Boucherville, Sir Charles. See Boucherville.

Boucher de Niverville. His ascent of the Saskatchewan, 1 139.

Boucherville, Pierre Boucher de. See Boucher.

Boucherville, Sir Charles Eugène Boucher de (d. 1915), premier of Quebec (1874-8, 1891-2). His policy of railway aid, 15 180-1;

  dismissed by Lieutenant-Governor Letellier (1878), 6 75-76, 15 181-2;

  forms a second administration, 206;

  his financial measures, 207;

  resigns, 207.

Boucherville. Convent founded at (1703), 16 358.

Bouchette, Joseph (1774-1841), surveyor-general of Quebec. His surveys of 1817, 8 786;

  his prediction of Canada’s increase in population, 4 587 n.

Bouchette, Robert Shore Milnes. Banished to Bermuda, 2 394, 395.

Boucicault, Dion (c. 1820-90), actor. His appearance in Montreal (1853), 12 656.

Bougainville, Louis Antoine, Comte de (1729-1811). Envoy to France (1758), 1 275;

  returns to Quebec (1759), 276;

  commands a corps of observation, 285, 287, 290, 293, 301;

  his reconnaissance after battle of the Plains, 305, 307;

  on natural intelligence of Canadians, 15 92;

  sketch, 12 438 n.

Boughton Hill, near Victor. La Salle’s council with Senecas at, 1 91-92.

Boule, Ainsi. Canadian sculptor, 12 632.

Boullé, Eustace. His admission to David Kirke (1629), 2 401.

Boullé, Hélène (d. 1654). Wife of Samuel Champlain, 2 391.

Boulter and Watt. Build engine for first steam saw-mill in New Brunswick, 13 195.

Boulton, Henry John (b. 1790). His dismissal as attorney-general of Upper Canada, 3 344-5;

  chief justice of Newfoundland, 345;

  champions King’s College, 18 369;

  attacks Baldwin’s university bill of 1849, 372.

Boulton, Major. Imprisoned by Riel, condemned to execution, and reprieved, 6 38, 11 156, 19 86.

Bouncing Polly. Liverpool (N.S.) vessel captured by an American privateer, 13 221.

Boundaries, Disputed.

  Special article: Disputes and Treaties, 8 751-958.

  New France and British possessions under Treaty of Utrecht, 1 190-1, 2 365;

  the Ohio boundary, 1 220;

  between Canada and United States (1783), 3 116;

  Upper and Lower Canada under Constitutional Act, 3 132-3, 134-5.

Boundary Disputes.

  See Acadia;

    Alaska;

    Labrador-Canada;

    Lake Huron;

    Ontario;

    Oregon;

    Passamaquoddy Islands;

    St Croix;

    St Croix-St Lawrence;

    St Lawrence and Great Lakes;

    San Juan.

Boundary Waters Treaty (1909), 9 219. See also International Joint Commission.

Bounties. See under Trade and Tariffs.

Bouquet, Colonel Henry (1719-65). His engagements at Edge Hill and Bushy Run, 3 66;

  suppresses Indian risings, 69, 112.

Bour, Father. On educational claims of German Catholics, 20 459.

Bourassa, Henri (b. 1868). His attitude to South African War, 6 141;

  and the sovereignty of parliament, 142;

  his campaign against navy, 171, 184;

  on aims of nationalism, 186-7;

  managing director of Le Devoir, 12 477;

  on secular legislation in North-West, 479-80;

  as an orator, 478.

Bourassa, Joseph (1817-1900). Missionary priest in the West, 11 133, 20 478.

Bourassa, Napoleon (b. 1827). French-Canadian author and sculptor, 12 476, 632.

Bourdon, Jean (d. 1668). Said to have entered Hudson Bay, 8 882;

  granted a seigniory, 15 27.

Bourdon, Madame, widow of Jean Bourdon. Placed in charge of the ‘King’s Girls’ at Quebec, 15 42.

Bourg dit Bellehumeur, Alexandre (1671-1760). Procureur du Roy at Minas, 13 75.

Bourg, Mathurin (d. 1797). Missionary to the Acadians, 11 30, 31;

  his services during American Revolutionary War, 13 138.

Bourgeois, Jacob. A pioneer colonist at Chignecto, 13 52.

Bourgeoys, Marguerite (1620-1700). Founds Congregation of Notre Dame, Montreal (1659), 2 414, 15 93;

  her educational work, 16 337, 355;

  and the ‘King’s Girls,’ 15 42;

  returns to France, 2 417.

Bourget, Ignace (1799-1885), Roman Catholic bishop of Montreal (1840-76). Invites return of Jesuits, 15 196;

  and education, 16 425;

  condemns Institut Canadien, 11 89;

  refuses Christian burial to Joseph Guibord, 89;

  denounces Catholic liberalism, 6 72, 11 87.

Bourget College. Founded at Rigaud (1850), 16 432.

Bourinot, Sir John George (1834-1902). On Confederation, 6 213;

  his works, 12 505, 531.

Bourke, Charles. Priest who accompanied Red River settlers to York Factory, 11 119, 19, 21.

Bourlamaque, François Charles, Chevalier de (d. 1764). Strengthens Ticonderoga, 1 257;

  at Fort William Henry, 259;

  retires from Ticonderoga, 273;

  blows up Crown Point, 274;

  at Isle-aux-Noix, 274.

Boutet, Martin. Teacher in petite école, Quebec, 16 329;

  ‘master’ in Jesuit College, 362;

  teaches mathematics and navigation, 374.

Bouvart, Martin (c. 1637-1705). Superior of Jesuit College, Quebec, 16 366.

Bow Indians. La Vérendrye brothers’ visit to, 1 128-30.

Bowell, Sir Mackenzie (b. 1823), prime minister of Canada (1894-6). Minister of Customs, 6 83;

  negotiates on reciprocity, 9 169;

  as Dominion premier, 6 125-6;

  and Manitoba schools question, 125.

Bowes, Barnard Foord, lieutenant-colonel. Commands forces in Lower Canada (1805), 3 158.

Bowles, Dr. Principal of Victoria College, 11 336.

Bowser, W. J. (b. 1867). Attorney-general of British Columbia, 21 232, 233;

  passes Canneries Revenue Act, 22 458;

  and Japanese control of fisheries, 459.

Boy, Philibert. Member of schools association at Montreal (1686), 16 338.

Boyd, Alfred. Member of provisional council of North-West, 19 197, 198.

Boyd, John. Probes Macdonald on the tariff, 6 82-83;

  lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick (1893), 14 427.

Boyd, Sir John A. (b. 1837). First solicitor of Baptist Church Edifice Society, 11 367;

  provincial financial arbitrator, 7 474;

  investigates Gamey corruption charges, 17 183.

Boyd, John Parker (1764-1830), American military officer. Defeated at Chrystler’s Farm, 3 249-50.

Boyd, Caldwell and Co., 17 161-2.

Boyle, John Robert (b. 1870). And the Alberta railway scandal, 19 276;

  minister of Education in Alberta, 20 485.

Brabant, A. J., missionary priest. His labours on Vancouver Island, 11 162.

Brackbill, Miss. Methodist missionary to West China, 11 325.

Braddock, Edward (1695-1755), British general. Plans for attack on French posts, 1 239;

  ignorant of American conditions, 240;

  defeated and slain at Fort Duquesne, 240-2, 13 89, 90.

Bradley, William C. United States boundary agent, 8 786.

Bradstreet, John (1711-74). Repels French raiders, 1 252;

  captures Fort Frontenac, 268;

  his Indian treaties disavowed, 3 68-69.

Brady, John. Roman Catholic priest at Buckingham, 11 55.

Brandon. Population (1901, 1911), 20 327;

  temperature, precipitation, and sunshine at, 517.

Brandon College, 20 444.

Brandon House. Plundered by Cuthbert Grant, 19 35.

Brandy Traffic. See Liquor Traffic.

Brant, Isaac, son of Joseph Brant. Murder committed by, 4 712-3.

Brant, John (1794-1832), son of Joseph Brant. Commands Indians at Beaver Dam, 3 243;

  elected member of assembly of Upper Canada and unseated, 4 721.

Brant, Joseph (1742-1807), Indian chief. An elective chieftain, 4 702;

  at council at Oswego (1777), 706;

  founds Indian settlement at Niagara, 11 221;

  obtains location for Six Nation Indians, 17 42;

  at the Philadelphia conference (1792), 4 710;

  sells township of Dumfries, 17 69;

  qualities and characteristics of, 4 713, 17 42.

Brant, Molly (d. 1796). Sir William Johnson attracted by, 1 235.

Brantford. Six Nations reserve at, 4 707;

  first Protestant church founded in Canada after Conquest erected by Indians near, 11 221.

Bray, Thomas, R.A. Loyalist applicant for grant in Eastern Townships, 15 149.

Bread. Price of, fixed by mass meeting of inhabitants, 2 480-1.

Breadalbane, John Campbell, fourth Earl of (1762-1834). His eviction of the M^cIntyres, 15 156;

  attempts to dispossess MacNab, 17 93.

Bréard, Jacques Michel, comptroller of the Marine. An associate of Bigot, 2 526;

  a financial expedient of, 521.

Brébeuf, Jean de (1593-1649), Jesuit. Arrives in Quebec, 2 397-8;

  his mission to the Hurons, 1 59, 60, 63, 2 404-5;

  martyrdom of, 406.

Breda, Treaty of (1667). Port Royal and Fort la Tour restored to France under, 13 51.

Breland, Pascal (b. 1810). Member of North-West Council, 19 196, 198, 202;

  his salary, 218 n.

Brennan, Michael. Roman Catholic priest at Belleville, 11 49.

Brenton, James, attorney-general of Nova Scotia. On a school project at Halifax, 14 514-5.

Breslay, René Charles (1658-1735), Sulpician. Curé at Port la Joye, Island of St John, 13 314.

Brésoles, Sister, 2 414.

Brest Harbour, Labrador. Mentioned by Jacques Cartier, 8 915.

Brett, Robert George (b. 1851). Member of first legislative assembly of North-West Territories, 19 223, 229, 230, 231, 234.

Brew, Chartres. First inspector of police of British Columbia, 21 147;

  and the M^cGowan riots, 153;

  member of first legislative council, 166.

Brewing. See Manufactures.

Breynat, Gabriel (b. 1867). Vicar-apostolic of the Mackenzie, 11 187.

Breynton, John. Anglican clergyman at Halifax, 11 202;

  establishes an orphanage, 202, 13 88.

Briand, Jean Olivier (1715-94), bishop of Quebec (1766-84). Vicar-general, 11 15;

  bishop, 3 40, 4 440, 11 18;

  conditions of appointment imposed by Great Britain, 18;

  vindicates himself, 19;

  services during Invasion of 1775, 19-20;

  pension granted to, 21;

  his ability and tact, 2 441, 11 18-19.

Bricker, Samuel (1776-1868). Mennonite pioneer in Waterloo County, 17 48.

Briconnet, Denis. Bishop of St Malo, 1 34.

Bridges, Hedley Vickers Burpee (b. 1862). Principal of provincial normal school, Fredericton, 14 556.

Bridgman, George B. Canadian painter, 12 620.

Brigden, F. H. Canadian landscape artist, 12 624.

Briggs, William (b. 1859). Methodist Church book-steward, 11 333.

Bright, John (1811-89). Moves for inquiry into Confederation, 6 28;

  and the National Policy, 88.

Brion, Philippe de Chabot, Sieur de. Brion Island named after, 1 30.

Brion Island. Described by Cartier, 1 30, 38.

Brisebois, Captain. Discovers traces of Fort la Jonquière, 1 139.

Brison, Joshua. Discovers antimony ore in Nova Scotia, 14 696.

Bristol. Early voyages from, 1 18, 24.

Bristol, Township of. Its original grantees, 17 44.

Britannia.

  (1) Lake Ontario sailing vessel, 10 494.

  (2) Steamboat on Lake Ontario, 10 499.

  (3) First Cunarder on Liverpool-Halifax route, 5 365, 10 597-8;

    description and first trip of, 5 366, 10 598.

  (4) Sailing vessel owned by the Allans, 10 603.

  (5) Steamboat on Toronto-Montreal route, 10 541.

British America. Steamboat on Montreal-Quebec route, 10 541;

  tows Royal William to Montreal after her launching, 592.

British-America Land Company. Charter opposed by assembly, 4 580;

  its purchases in Eastern Townships, 513-4, 580-1;

  develops Eastern Townships, 10 361, 15 162, 319;

  associated with Rolph’s settlement scheme, 5 207.

British American. St Lawrence steamboat, 10 495.

British American League. Founded (1849), 5 59;

  its aims, 235-6.

British and North American Royal Mail-Steam Packet Company. See Cunard Line.

British and North Atlantic Steam Navigation Company. See Dominion Line.

British Columbia.

  Special Articles:

    The Period of Exploration, 21 13-71;

    Colonial History (1849-71), 75-176;

    Political History (1871-1913), 179-237;

  general survey, 3-9.

  Vancouver Island Colony:

    Fort Camosun (Victoria) founded (1843), 77-78;

    grant of Island to Hudson’s Bay Company (1849), 79-80;

    its government, 85-86;

    the first governorship, 87-97;

    representative government established, 110;

    electoral qualifications and districts, 112;

    first women settlers, 120 n.;

    control assumed by home government, 127;

    political conditions, 129-30.

  Mainland Colony:

    original boundaries, 126 n.;

    name and its origin, 126 n., 127 n.;

    Lytton on sale of lands, 146;

    first civil list, 147;

    its ceremonial inauguration, 150;

    grievances of settlers, 150-1;

    decline in population between 1858 and 1861, 156;

    sectional feeling, 160;

    legislative council established, 166, 22 354;

    proposals for union, 21 164-5, 167;

    annexation of Vancouver Island, 167;

    Confederation movement, 170-2;

    the terms of Confederation, 7 492-3, 21 174-6;

    the first provincial legislature, 179-80;

    population (1871), 7 517, 520, (1881) 6 91;

    ballot introduced, 21 183;

    dual representation abolished, 184;

    Voters’ Act of 1875 and its repeal, 195, 197;

    deadlock on redistribution (1878), 200-1;

    redistributions of 1885, 1890, 1894, 1898, 1902, 213, 216, 219, 222-3, 227-8;

    changes made by redistribution, 22 367;

    Kennedy breach of privilege case, 21 217-8;

    new parliament buildings erected, 219-20;

    increase in public debt, 1894-8, 221;

    changes since 1903, 233-4;

    ‘better terms’ agitation, 7 497, 21 324-7;

    Oriental question, 250-73.

  The Railway Question:

    conditions of construction, 10 421, 21 175-6;

    location of terminus, 184-5;

    preliminary surveys, 185-6;

    protests against alleged breach of terms, 6 65, 10 421, 21 186-7, 189-90;

    anticipations of prosperity, 187;

    Carnarvon’s mediation, 6 65, 21 190-1;

    comparison of Edgar and Carnarvon Terms, 10 422-3;

    Carnarvon Terms, 21 193-5;

    protests against their non-fulfilment, 196;

    Island section bill rejected by Senate, 6 66, 21 197;

    compensation offered, 198;

    Dufferin’s intervention, 6 66, 21 199-200;

    secession resolution of 1878, 202-4;

    Mainland section begun, 204;

    dispute re Island section, 206;

    its settlement, 210-1;

    extension to Vancouver, 212-3.

  Sectionalism—Mainland v. Island:

    division of portfolios, 181, 184;

    local railway terminus, 184-5;

    Carnarvon Terms, 196;

    Esquimalt graving-dock, 206;

    voting inequalities, 213;

    site of provincial capital, 22 417-8;

    university act of 1890, 437;

    now eliminated, 367.

  See also Agriculture;

    Education;

    Fisheries;

    Forests;

    Government;

    Hudson’s Bay Company;

    Indians;

    Judicial Systems;

    Land;

    Liquor Traffic;

    Mining;

    Municipal Institutions;

    Physical Features;

    Public Finance;

    Railways;

    Roads;

    Shipping;

    Transportation.

British Columbia Copper Company, 22 577, 579.

British Columbia Pulp and Paper Company. Amount invested in the soda pulp-mill at Port Mellon, 22 514.

British Columbia, University of. The act of 1890 and its lapsing, 22 436-7;

  act passed settling lands endowment for university purposes, 438;

  site commission of 1910, 439-41;

  its organization, 442.

British Empire. Vancouver and Prince Rupert steamer, 10 573.

British Immigration. To Upper Canada, 3 331, 17 78-83, 18 556-7;

  in Saskatchewan, 19 178;

  regulations re admission of children, 7 553-4;

  statistics of children’s admissions (1900-10), 554;

  in the Dominion, 554-5;

  totals (1901-12), 555;

  increase between 1891 and 1912, 9 194.

British North America. Its population (1825), 4 587.

British North America Act. Defects revealed in operation, 5 155-6;

  the overlapping of jurisdiction, 14 460-1;

  difficulty in interpretation of sections which distribute legislative powers, 15 269-70.

  See Confederation.

British Settlement in Quebec. See Quebec.

British Settlers Company, of Châteauguay, 15 157.

Britton, Henry. Canadian artist, 12 625.

Bro, Jean. Repatriates Acadian families, 11 30.

Brock, Sir Isaac (1769-1812), commander-in-chief in Upper Canada. In command in Lower Canada, 3 158;

  forbids Indian raids on United States, 4 714-5;

  on menace of settlement from United States, 17 45;

  his plans in War of 1812, 3 221;

  his regard for Tecumseh, 224, 4 715;

  ‘annexes’ Michigan, 3 225;

  his proposed attack on Sackett’s Harbour, 226;

  at Queenston Heights, 231-3;

  biographical notice of, 208;

  as commander and administrator, 208-9, 218, 221-2.

Brockville. Interested in Cornwall Canal project, 10 513;

  population (1830), 18 558;

  act providing for elective board of police passed (1832), 424;

  American steamer fired on by British sentries at, 4 393.

Brockville. Lake Ontario steamboat, 10 538.

Brockville and Ottawa Railway. Purchased by C.P.R., 10 433.

Brockville, Westport, and Sault Ste Marie Railway project, 10 448.

Brodeur, Louis (1776-1839). Missionary priest in New Brunswick, 11 42.

Brodeur, Louis Philippe (b. 1862). Negotiates commercial treaty with France, 9 237;

  favours local control for Canadian navy, 6 190;

  at Imperial Defence Conference (1909), 169.

Broeffle, John Ludwig (1739-1815). Ministers to German settlers of Dundas and Stormont, 11 266.

Broke, Sir Philip Bowes Vere (1776-1841). In command of the Shannon, 3 200;

  a model captain, 236;

  brings the Chesapeake into Halifax, 13 258.

Bromley, Robert. Army paymaster and pamphleteer, 13 273.

Brondel, J. B. A. (1841-1903). Roman Catholic bishop of Vancouver Island (1880-4), 11 166.

Bronson, E. H. (b. 1844). Member of Ontario cabinet, 17 179.

Brooke, Mrs Frances (1724-89). Publishes the first Canadian novel, 12 534-5.

Brooke, John (d. 1788). First Anglican clergyman to officiate in Quebec, 11 213.

Brooke, Richard. Loyalist applicant for grant in Eastern Townships, 15 149.

Brooks, J. W. Director of Great Western Railway, 10 395.

Brougham, Henry Peter, Baron Brougham and Vaux (1778-1868). Attacks Durham’s Ordinance of June 28, 1838, 4 398;

  opposes Rebellion Losses Bill, 5 56.

Broughton, Charles. Canadian black-and-white artist, 12 630.

Broughton, William Robert (1762-1821). Commands the Chatham in Vancouver’s expedition, 21 47;

  explores the Columbia River, 8 849, 21 50.

Brouillan, Jacques François de (d. 1705). Demolishes fort at mouth of the St John, 13 61.

Brouillan, St Ovide de. See St Ovide.

Broussard, Joseph, dit Beausoleil (b. 1702), Acadian insurgent. Engages in privateering in Bay of Fundy, 13 114.

Brown, Andrew (d. 1826). Minister of Protestant Dissenters’ Church, Halifax, 11 258.

Brown, E. President of council of British Columbia, 21 197.

Brown, Frederick (d. 1838). Manager of Theatre Royal, Montreal (1825), 12 655.

Brown, George (1818-80). Founds the Banner and Globe, 5 61-62;

  driven into association with the ‘Grits,’ 63-64;

  and the clergy reserves, 65;

  combines anti-Roman views with radicalism, 68;

  and the Hincks-Morin administration, 69, 71, 73;

  returned for Lambton, 70;

  and separate schools controversy, 18 313-4;

  Horton Rhys’s interview with, 12 660;

  endorses educational resolution of Confederation Conference, 18 315;

  and political favouritism in administrationof Municipal Loan Fund Act, 449-50;

  defeated in 1861, 5 82;

  the ‘Clear Grit’ par excellence, 82;

  drives wedge between radicalism of Lower and Upper Canada, 83;

  on constitution of 1840, 90;

  agitates for ‘representation by population,’ 92, 15 169;

  hostile to Confederation in 1860, 5 94-95;

  favours separation of executive and legislative functions, 130;

  and a nominated Upper House, 142-3, 146;

  publishes the Canada Farmer, 18 568;

  member of committee on defence, 7 421;

  his part in Confederation, 5 6, 96, 99;

  joins Taché’s coalition ministry, 5 97, 6 17, 18;

  his dislike of coalitions, 6 20, 17 108;

  resigns from cabinet, 9 128;

  defeated in South Ontario, 6 20, 17 110;

  introduces partyism into provincial politics, 109-10;

  on failure of Galt-Howland negotiations, 9 128-9;

  negotiates Brown-Fish draft treaty, 6 67-68, 9 131, 176;

  deplores growth of protection, 6 68, 80;

  his services as commercial ambassador, 9 130, 176;

  sketch of, 6 18;

  his qualities, defects, and public services, 5 83-84;

  his personal magnetism, 17 110;

  his biographies, 12 507.

Brown, Jacob (1775-1828), American military officer. In command at Sackett’s Harbour, 3 241;

  captures Fort Erie, 254-5;

  at battle of Chippawa, 255;

  Chauncey fails to co-operate with, 256;

  at Lundy’s Lane, 257-8;

  wounded, 259.

Brown, James. Member of assembly of New Brunswick (1832), 13 200.

Brown, John (d. 1848). Member of Antiburgher presbytery of Pictou (1795), 11 260.

Brown, J. C. Minister of Finance of British Columbia, 21 226;

  provincial secretary, 227;

  member of Fisheries Commission of 1905, 22 456.

Brown, Major. Stirs up disaffection in Canada, 3 81.

Brown, Richard. His work as engineer and geologist in Nova Scotia, 14 675-6.

Brown, R. C. Lundin. On agricultural prospects of British Columbia, 22 529-30;

  his list of prices, 532-3;

  on sheep-raising in the colony, 533-5.

Brown, Thomas Storrow (b. 1803). Escapes to the United States, 3 362-3.

Brown, William. Member of Ontario Agricultural Commission (1880), 18 572.

Brown, William. His opinion of La Gazette de Québec, 12 437.

Brown, Lieutenant. Effects landing at Freshwater Cove, Louisbourg (1758), 1 224.

Brown-Fish Draft Treaty (1874). Its terms, 9 131;

  causes of its rejection, 132-3.

Browne, Archibald. ‘Poet Painter of Canada,’ 12 615-6.

Brownell, Franklin (b. 1857). Canadian artist, 12 624.

Brown’s Point, Queenston Heights, 3 231, 232, 233.

Brownstown. American defeat at, 3 238.

Bruce, David. Associated in building the Accommodation, 10 494;

  tenders for the Frontenac, 496.

Bruce, John. President of ‘National Committee’ at Red River, 19 72.

Bruce, R. Superintendent-general of Indian Affairs, 5 355.

Bruce, W. Blair (1859-1906). Canadian artist, 12 607.

Bruce. Steamer on Sydney and Port-aux-Basques route, 10 562.

Bruce Mines. Lake steamboat, 10 543.

Bruchesi, Paul (b. 1855). Roman Catholic archbishop of Montreal, 11 92.

Bruenech, G. Canadian painter of Norwegian landscapes, 12 625.

Brulé, Étienne (d. 1633). Pioneer immigrant at Quebec, 15 19;

  hostage with Algonquins, 1 47;

  accompanies first Récollet missionaries, 53;

  in Seneca country, 56;

  tortured by Senecas, 57;

  remains after English conquest, 15 22;

  achievements as explorer and death of, 1 57.

Brunault, Joseph Simon Hermann (b. 1857). Roman Catholic bishop of Nicolet, 11 108.

Bruneau, François (d. 1865). Admitted to Council of Assiniboia (1855), 11 140.

Brunelle, Pierre. A shipbuilder of Quebec, 10 578.

Brunelle. Quebec-built clipper, 10 578.

Brunswick.

  (1) Lakes vessel launched (1767), 10 486.

  (2) Conveys Talbot settlers to Quebec, 17 73.

Brunswicker. Prizes brought into St John by, 13 186.

Bruyas, Jacques (1635-1712). Superior of Jesuit College, Quebec, 16 366.

Bryan, John. Loyalist refugee, 11 214.

Bryant, C. Master of Nanaimo school, 22 405.

Bryce, George (b. 1844). First professor in Manitoba College, 11 287, 20 426;

  effects settlement with Mennonites on school question, 11 392.

Bryce, James, first Viscount Bryce (b. 1838), British ambassador at Washington. At the International Seal Conference (1911), 8 747, 9 219, 235.

Bryce-Root Treaty (1908), 8 838-9.

Brydone-Jack, W. D. Member of university senate of British Columbia, 22 442.

Brymner, Douglas (1823-1902). Dominion archivist, 6 334.

Brymner, William (b. 1855). Canadian artist, 12 610, 631.

Bryzelius, Paulus. Anglican clergyman at Lunenburg (1766), 11 204.

Buchanan, Dr Hamilton, of Leny. Protects the Chief of MacNab, 17 93;

  sends emigrants to MacNab township, 96.

Buchanan, Isaac (1810-83). Agitates in favour of an irredeemable paper currency, 5 283, 286;

  protectionist who supported commercial union, 9 143, 165, 17 249 and n.

Buchanan, James (1791-1868), United States president. Attacks Maine boundary settlement, 8 818;

  and the Oregon boundary, 864;

  signs the Oregon Treaty, 865.

Buchanan, John. Servant to Chief of MacNab, 17 93.

Buchanan, British consul at New York. Sends artisans to John Galt at Guelph, 17 90-91.

Buckeye State. Michigan Central Railway steamboat, 10 545.

Buckingham Graphite Company, P.Q., 16 593.

Buckingham, William (1832-1915). Founds Nor’-Wester at Red River (1859), 19 59.

Buckland, George (d. 1885). His work for agriculture, 18 567-8.

Buckland, J. W. (d. 1872). Manager of new Theatre Royal, Montreal (1852), 12 656.

Buckram. Armed vessel commissioned by Nova Scotia government, 13 220.

Buckstone, J. B. (1802-79), actor. Performs in Montreal (1841), 12 656.

Budd, Henry. First Anglican native clergyman in the West, 11 227;

  establishes first Anglican mission to Indians in the interior, 228.

Budd, John. His account of American raid on Charlottetown (1776), 13 353.

Buffalo. Destroyed by Sir Phineas Riall, 3 252;

  abortive British attempt on, 260;

  anti-British agitation in, 366;

  Fenian concentration at, 7 408.

Buffalo. Their large numbers in the North-West in 1874 and 1875, 20 293-4;

  regulations designed for their preservation, 294;

  diminution in export of robes, 294;

  their disappearance, 7 601, 19 157, 20 294.

Buffalo, Brantford and Goderich Railway. Chartered (1851), 10 404;

  suspends operations (1856), 413.

Buffalo Lake, Athabaska. Explored by Peter Pond, 4 650.

Buffalo Wool Company, 19 45-46.

Bugeauld, an Acadian loyalist. His visit to Franquet, 13 311;

  church erected in his orchard, 311.

Buies, Arthur (1840-91). His chroniques and other literary work, 12 485-7.

Buisset, Luc, Récollet. Given charge of mission at Kenté, 1 86.

Buisson, Abbé. Procurator of the Seminary of Quebec, 16 381.

Buisson, Jean François. Prize-winner at Jesuit College (1679), 16 372.

Bulgarians. Their characteristics as immigrants, 7 566-7.

Bulger, Captain Andrew (d. 1858), governor of Assiniboia (1822-3). His efficient rule, 19 46-47.

Bulkeley, Richard (d. 1800). First churchwarden of St Paul’s Church, Halifax, 11 202;

  aide to the governor, 13 82.

Buller, Arthur (d. 1869). His report on education, 4 396, 16 465-7.

Buller, Charles (1806-48). Chief secretary to Lord Durham, 4 391, 392, 395;

  on Durham’s conciliation of American opinion, 395-6;

  on land-granting system, 581-2;

  and corruption in land grants, 15 151;

  his scheme of commutation of seigneurial tenure, 2 589.

‘Bull Frogs.’ See Royal Canadian Rifles.

Bullion, Angélique. Her invitation to Jeanne Mance, 2 412.

Bulwer, Sir William Henry Lytton Earle, afterwards Baron Dalling and Bulwer (1801-72), British ambassador at Washington. Assists in arranging reciprocity, 5 241.

Bulyea, George Hedley Vicars (b. 1859). Member of executive council of North-West Territories, 19 250;

  his co-operation with Haultain, 251-2;

  first lieutenant-governor of Alberta, 6 156, 19 275.

Bunn, Thomas. Secretary of Riel’s provisional government, 11 155, 19 83 n., 85.

Bunoz, Emile M. Prefect apostolic of the Yukon, 11 192.

Bunster, Arthur. Member of council of British Columbia, 21 176, 180;

  and the secession address, 198;

  opposes Chinese labour, 256.

Bunting, Charles E. One of the fathers of Confederation in British Columbia, 21 171 n.

Bunting, Christopher, and the Ontario ‘Bribery Plot’ (1884), 17 167.

Burbank and Company. Joint owners of first steamer on Red River, 10 567.

Burbidge, George Wheelock, justice. Arbitrates on financial obligations of Ontario, 7 474.

Burbidge, John (c. 1717-1812), colonel. Imports apple varieties to Nova Scotia, 14 655.

Burchtown, Shelburne, N.S. Projected negro settlement at, 13 237.

Burdett-Coutts, Angela Georgina, Baroness (1814-1906). Endows Anglican bishopric of British Columbia, 11 232, 21 147.

Bureau-des-Pauvres, Quebec, 2 427.

Burel, Gilbert, Jesuit brother. Arrives in Quebec, 2 397.

Burgoyne, John (1722-92), British general. Lands reinforcement at Quebec, 3 97; 110.

Burke, Edmund (1729-97), British statesman. His acrid description of Nova Scotia, 13 248.

Burke, Edmund (1753-1820). Missionary priest in Upper Canada, 11 25, 26;

  labours in the Maritime Provinces, 42, 43-45;

  vicar-apostolic of Nova Scotia (1818-20), 44-45, 13 271;

  his educational work, 11 43, 45, 13 271;

  first bishop of Halifax (1818-20), 271;

  sketch of, 11 25, 13 271.

Burke, James. Provincial secretary of Manitoba, 11 175.

Burlington.

  (1) War vessel on Lake Ontario, 10 494.

  (2) Steamboat on Lake Ontario, 10 499.

Burlington Bay Canal. Opened (1830), 10 522.

Burlington Heights, near Hamilton, 3 240, 241.

Burnet, William (1688-1729), governor of New York. Resents French interference with the Iroquois, 2 366, 369.

Burnett, Thomas. Surveys for Lachine Canal, 10 509.

Burnham, Mark (1804-77). Anglican clergyman at St Thomas, Ontario (1829), 11 233.

Burnham, Zaccheus (d. 1896), 17 87.

Burns, Sir George, Bart. (1795-1890). One of founders of the Cunard Line, 10 596, 597.

Burns, John (b. 1858). His statement on immigration (1911), 6 198-9.

Burns, Dr Robert (1789-1869). Secretary of the Glasgow Colonial Society, 11 263;

  selects Rev. John Black for work at Red River, 286.

Burns, William. Principal of provincial normal school in Vancouver, 22 434.

Burpee, Isaac (1825-85). Minister of Customs (1873-8), 6 64.

Burpee, Lawrence Johnston (b. 1873). Member of International Joint Commission, 6 368;

  his Search for the Western Sea, 12 519.

Burpee, R. E. (d. 1853). Foreign missionary of the Baptist Church, 11 358.

Burr, W. H. Master of school at Victoria (1861), 22 404, 405.

Burrage, Rev. Mr Master of Royal Grammar School of Quebec, 16 463, 464;

  on state aid for schools, 471.

Burt, Stephen. One of fathers of Confederation in British Columbia, 21 171 n.

Burton, Sir Francis Nathaniel (1767-1832). Administrator of Lower Canada (1824-5), 3 300, 301, 4 484.

Burton, Ralph, colonel. In Quebec, 1 295;

  receives Wolfe’s last orders, 15 122;

  lieutenant-governor of Quebec, 4 427;

  at Three Rivers, 3 23, 15 122;

  transferred to Montreal, 3 32.

Burwash, Nathanael (b. 1839), principal of Victoria College. On Macdonald’s university bill of 1847, 18 370;

  as university federationist, 393, 394;

  his work and personality, 11 335-6.

Burwell. His school bill of 1833, 18 284;

  attacks council’s bill of 1835, 285.

Bury, William Coutts, seventh Earl of Albemarle and Viscount Bury (1832-94). Superintendent-general of Indian Affairs, 5 355, 356.

Bushby, A. T. Registrar of supreme court of British Columbia, 21 148 n.

Bushnell, John. Original publisher of Halifax Gazette, 12 520.

Bushy Run. Engagement at, 3 66.

Bussey, L. White. American secretary of International Joint Commission, 6 368.

Busy. Brig built at Lunenburg, 10 581.

Buteux, Jacques (1600-52). Jesuit martyr, 2 408.

Butler, John (1725-96). Forms a corps of Rangers, 17 17;

  at the Indian council at Oswego, 4 706;

  and loyalist settlement at Niagara, 17 18, 19, 20;

  favours division of province of Quebec, 35.

Butler, Lieutenant. His mission to the Saskatchewan (1870), 19 195.

Butler’s Rangers. Formed from the loyalist refugees at Niagara, 17 17;

  settle at Niagara, 19, 21.

Button, Sir Thomas (d. 1634). His expedition to Hudson Bay (1612), 1 155-6.

Buxton, Sydney Charles, first Viscount (b. 1853), 6 199.

B. X. First steamer to navigate upper Fraser River, 10 569-70.

By, John (1781-1836), lieutenant-colonel. Constructs the Rideau Canal, 10 519.

Byington, E. L. Rector of Protestant normal school, Winnipeg, 20 439.

Bylot, Robert. Hudson’s second mate, 1 155;

  explores Hudson Bay, 157.

Byron, Captain Richard. Killed on board the Belvidera, 13 256.

Bystander. History of the publication, 12 522 n.;

  on Mowat’s domination of Ontario, 17 178.

Bytown. Steamboat on upper St Lawrence, 10 538.

Cabot, John, navigator. Voyages of, 1 20-22;

  his self-esteem, 21 and n.;

  unknown fate of, 22.

Cabot, Lewis. Son of John Cabot, 1 19.

Cabot, Sancio. Son of John Cabot, 1 19.

Cabot, Sebastian (1474-1557). Accompanies his father on his first voyage, 1 20;

  in Hudson Strait, 149.

Cabral, Pedro Alvarez (1460-1526), Portuguese navigator. His discovery of Brazil, 1 23.

Cabrillo, Juan Rodriguez, Spanish explorer. His voyage to the Pacific coast (c. 1542), 8 846, 21 15.

Cache Creek, B.C. Account of provincial boarding school at, 22 426-8.

Cadboro. First sea-going vessel to navigate lower Fraser, 21 67;

  Governor Douglas’s voyage in, 76.

Cadet, Joseph Michel (b. 1710). Associate of Bigot, 2 526.

Cadillac, Antoine de la Motte (d. 1730). Introduces domestic cattle at Detroit (1701), 7 656.

Caën, Emery de, nephew of Guillaume de Caën. Assists in forming new merchant company, 2 451;

  his reception of Jesuit mission, 398;

  frustrates colonization, 15 20.

Caën, Guillaume de. Forms company to take over trading monopoly of Montmorency company, 2 319, 451, 15 20;

  monopoly broken, 2 321;

  granted seigniory of Cap Tourmente, 536.

Cahiagué. Huron village, 1 53, 54.

Cairnes, D. D. On the older geology of Yukon Territory, 22 595-7.

Cairo. Name of Royal Edward while in Mediterranean service, 10 614.

Calcutt Line of steamships, 10 565.

Calder, James Alexander (b. 1868). Commissioner of Education of Saskatchewan, 19 270, 474.

Caldwell, Henry (d. 1810). Takes part in defence of Quebec (1775), 3 91;

  acting receiver-general, 4 493, 15 122.

Caldwell, John (d. 1830), receiver-general of Lower Canada. His bankruptcy and defalcations, 3 299-300, 4 512.

Caldwell, William. Assists in founding the Nor’-Wester (1859), 19 59.

Caldwell, Major W. B. Conducts pensioners to Red River, 19 56.

Caldwell. War vessel on Lake Ontario (1782), 10 487.

Caledonia.

  (1) Schooner which conveyed Talbot settlers from Prescott to York, 17 74.

  (2) Sailing vessel owned by the Allans, 10 603.

  (3) One of first Cunard steamships, 10 597.

Calgarian.

  (1) Lakes freighter, 10 557, 588.

  (2) Allan liner on Montreal-Liverpool service, 10 608.

Calgary. Roman Catholic mission established at, 11 164;

  Murdock’s diary of its first years, 19 168-9;

  its hydro-electric plants, 327;

  population (1901 and 1911), 20 327;

  statistics of manufactures (1890-1910), 328;

  method of real estate assessment in, 402;

  income tax abolished in, 408;

  educational development at, 483, 494, 497.

Calgary College, 20 499.

Calgary University School, 20 499.

Calhoun, John Caldwell (1782-1850), United States secretary of state. Negotiates on Oregon boundary, 8 863.

California. Ship employed in search for North-West Passage (1747), 1 197.

Calkin, John Burgess (b. 1829). Principal of normal college, Truro, 14 533.

Callbeck, Phillips. Member of council of St John’s Island (1770), 13 345;

  administrator (1775), 349;

  made prisoner by American privateers, 353-4.

Callières, Louis Hector de (1646-1703), governor of New France (1699-1703). Suggests exchange of French West Indies for New York, 2 356 n.;

  and migrations to New Orleans, 15 58.

Calonne, Jacques Ladislas Joseph de (1742-1822). French refugee priest, 11 32.

Cambie, R. J. On productiveness of North-West Territories, 20 587.

Cambria.

  (1) Sailing vessel owned by the Allans, 10 603.

  (2) Cunarder, called the Flying Cambria, 10 599.

Cambridge, Massachusetts. Expedition against Quebec sets out from (1775), 3 83-84.

Cameron, Alex. Member of Protestant education committee of Quebec, 16 491.

Cameron, David (d. 1872), chief justice of Vancouver Island (1853-8). His appointment as chief justice, 22 351;

  petitions for and against his appointment, 21 118, 119;

  his discharge of his duties, 119, 22 389.

Cameron, Sir Douglas Colin. Lieutenant-governor of Manitoba, 19 132.

Cameron, D. R. Boundary survey commissioner, 8 877.

Cameron, Duncan. Seizes Hudson’s Bay Company trader, 19 29;

  entices Selkirk settlers to Upper Canada, 30;

  appears at the Forks in borrowed uniform, 31-32;

  ingratiates himself with the Highlanders, 32;

  takes Miles Macdonell prisoner to Fort William, 33.

Cameron, George Frederick (1854-85). His volume of Lyrics, 12 581;

  his songs on Spanish oppression in Cuba, 12 582.

Cameron, John (1827-1910). Roman Catholic bishop of Arichat (1877-86), 11 81.

Cameron, J. D. Anglican missionary at Sault Ste Marie, 11 223.

Cameron, John Hillyard (1817-76). His attitude to the Red River delegation, 6 41, 5 70.

Cameron, Malcolm (1808-76). Original director of Grand Trunk Railway, 10 401.

Cameron, Sir Matthew Crooks (1822-87). Provincial secretary of Ontario, 17 107, 200 n.;

  supports the narrow gauge, 113;

  and his defence of Whelan, 115;

  and the ‘Speak Now’ incident, 124-5 and n.;

  leader of opposition, 131 and n.;

  his erratic leadership, 132-3;

  and charges against Blake and Wood, 133;

  his correct attitude on the Scott murder, 133-4;

  condemns Mowat’s ‘descent from the bench,’ 138-9;

  opposes Dr Clarke’s liquor prohibition bill, 141;

  attacks the department of Agriculture, 144;

  newspaper attack on, 147;

  obstructs education bill of 1876, 152;

  ‘the March of the Cameron Men,’ 152-3;

  supports unanimity in juries’ verdicts, 153;

  two views on propriety of opening the house with prayer, 153-4;

  raised to a judgeship, 154;

  regards province as subordinate, 159;

  his political principles and personal character, 107, 131 and n., 132;

  as party leader, 154.

Cameron, Colonel. Posted at Chippawa during the Rebellion of 1837, 7 388;

  member of committee on defence, 401.

Camosun. Pacific coast steamer, 10 573.

Campania. First twin-screw steamship of Cunard Line, 10 601.

Campbell, Sir Alexander (1822-92). Adjusts financial differences with British Columbia, 21 210, 5 358, 6 22, 47, 7 514, 17 190 n.

Campbell, Archibald. United States boundary commissioner, 8 871, 877.

Campbell, Sir Archibald (1769-1843), lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick (1831-7). Instructed to reform the executive, 3 355;

  his conflicts with assembly, 13 199-201, 14 483, 484.

Campbell, Archibald William (b. 1863). Highway commissioner of Ontario, 18 485.

Campbell, Sir Colin (1776-1847), lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia (1834-40). His military record and personal character, 13 282;

  cause of his recall, 290.

Campbell, Donald, captain. In command at Detroit, 3 57;

  prevents Indian risings, 59;

  is taken prisoner and murdered by Pontiac, 62.

Campbell, Sir Donald, lieutenant-governor of Prince Edward Island (1847-50). Conflict with assembly, 13 368, 14 500-1.

Campbell, Dugald (d. 1810). Lays out Fredericton, 13 162;

  on roads of New Brunswick, 169.

Campbell, Duncan. Author of Histories of Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island, 12 501.

Campbell, Hector. A leader in Selkirk immigration to Prince Edward Island, 13 356.

Campbell, James. Signs loyalist petition (1787), 17 39.

Campbell, John Saxton. Assists in construction of Royal William, 10 592.

Campbell, Robert (1808-94), explorer. Winters on Dease Lake, 4 690, 21 69;

  discovers Lake Frances and reaches the Pelly River, 5 307-8, 21 69;

  builds Glenlyon House, 5 308;

  discovers Lewes River, 309;

  constructs Fort Selkirk, 311;

  and the ‘Wood’ Indians, 309-10;

  proves the identity of the Yukon, 311, 22 605;

  his journey from Fort Selkirk to the Mississippi, 5 311.

Campbell, R. H. Superintendent of Education, Prince Edward Island, 14 538.

Campbell, Thomas (b. 1790). Anglican clergyman at Belleville (1821), 11 223.

Campbell, T. E., colonel. Superintendent-general of Indian Affairs, 5 355;

  member of defence commissions, 7 396, 401.

Campbell, Lord William, governor-in-chief of Nova Scotia (1766-73). Makes unauthorized grants, 14 674;

  present at first Presbyterian ordination, 11 259;

  presents stoves to St Paul’s Church, Halifax, 203.

Campbell, Sir William (1758-1834), 8 769.

Campbell, William (d. 1823). Second mayor of St John, 13 162.

Campbell, William Wilfred (b. 1860). Novelist and poet, 12 559-60, 578-9.

Campbell’s Highlanders. Newly raised Scottish regiment sent to Nova Scotia (1778), 13 225.

Campbellton, N.B. Destroyed by fire (1910), 14 426.

Camper, Father. Missionary priest in the West, 11 149, 164.

Campion, James W. (d. 1841), Jesuit. Missionary priest at Niagara, 11 48.

Campobello, Island of. British settlement on, 13 129;

  grant of, 8 769;

  courts established in, 769;

  gypsum exports from (1802, 1817), 13 183;

  Fenian raid on, 7 420.

Canada. Indian name for a district, 1 35 n.;

  suggestion to erect into an independent kingdom, 3 296.

Canada.

  (1) Man-of-war constructed at Quebec (1742), 2 509.

  (2) Sailing vessel owned by the brothers Allan, 10 603.

  (3) St Lawrence steamboat, 10 495, 541.

  (4) Lake Ontario steamboat wrecked, 10 498.

  (5) Great Western Railway steamboat, 10 545.

  (6) St Lawrence steamboat, 10 551.

  (7) Cunard steamship, 10 599.

  (8) Dominion Line steamship, 10 609, 610.

Canada Act of 1838, 4 389, 392.

Canada Banking Company. Proposed establishment of, 4 604-5.

Canada Cement Company. Its capital, 9 260;

  capacity of its mills, 16 595;

  location of plants, 18 635.

Canada Central Railway. Dominion aid granted to, 10 442;

  purchased by C.P.R., 433.

Canada Committee (Huskisson’s), 3 305-7.

Canada Company. Formed (1824) for the purchase and settlement of crown and clergy reserves in Upper Canada, 3 333-7, 4 514-5, 580-1, 17 89;

  its exemption from taxation, 247;

  and Rolph’s scheme of settlement, 5 207;

  its colonizing results, 3 335, 561-2.

Canada First Party. And the Red River delegates, 6 42;

  its programme and principal supporters, 69, 70;

  protectionist in aim, 9 146;

  develops national sentiment, 6 71;

  influences provincial politics, 17 147.

Canada Interlake Line. Absorbs the Canadian Interlake Line, 10 557.

Canada Iron Company, 14 687.

Canada Iron Corporation, 9 261, 14 686, 690-1.

Canada Line of steamships, 10 615.

Canada Screw Company. Complains of unfair competition in Birmingham, 9 142.

Canada Shipping Company. See Beaver Line.

Canada Southern Railway. Conveys United States mails, 7 635.

Canada Temperance Act (Scott Act). See under Liquor Traffic.

Canada Trade Act (1822), 2 588, 3 299, 4 533, 570, 571.

Canada Trade and Tenure Act (1825), 2 588.

Canadian.

  (1) Allan liner wrecked near the Pillars lighthouse, 5 402, 10 604.

  (2) Allan liner wrecked near Strait of Belle Isle, 5 403, 10 605.

Canadian Antimony Company, 14 696.

Canadian Art Club. Founded (1907), 12 635.

Canadian Association of Masters and Mates, 9 317, 321.

Canadian Banking Company. Proposed establishment of (1792), 4 610.

Canadian Brotherhood of Railway Employees, 9 316, 321.

‘Canadian Chasseurs’ (or ‘Independent Foreigners’). Foreign legion enlisted in Revolutionary War, 3 209 n.

Canadian Club. Its inception and growth, 12 430.

Canadian Coal and Coke Company. Business consolidation, 9 260.

Canadian College, Rome. Founded (1894), 11 90.

Canadian Copper Company. Develops Sudbury mines, 9 185, 18 624-7.

Canadian Corn Bill (1843). British preference granted under, 5 196, 210.

Canadian Fencibles. Raised in War of 1812, 3 209;

  recruited in Glengarry during the War of 1812, 17 69;

  settle on Rideau Canal route, 76.

Canadian Geological Survey. Its exploring work, 5 328.

Canadian Labour Union, 9 297-9;

  its influence on legislation, 299.

Canadian Manufacturers’ Association. Its attitude to Chamberlain’s fiscal programme, 9 211.

Canadian-Mexican Pacific Steamship Line, 10 618.

Canadian Mounted Rifles. Take part in South African War, 7 438, 440.

Canadian National Association. Its political programme, 6 69.

Canadian Navigation Company. Acquires Royal Mail Line, 10 539;

  absorbed by Richelieu Steamboat Company, 539, 551.

Canadian Northern Railway. Construction, 9 199;

  its rapid expansion, mileage and connections, 10 455-7, 19 185, 20 311, 312, 566;

  aggregate land sales of, 315-6;

  and taxation in the Prairie Provinces, 361;

  its agreement with British Columbia, 21 232-3;

  steamship services, 10 613-4.

Canadian Northern Steamships Limited. See Canadian Northern Railway.

Canadian Pacific Railway. Early schemes for building line, 10 419-20, 20 296;

  a condition of entrance into Confederation by British Columbia, 10 421-3;

  delayed by financial conditions, 423;

  Tupper’s resolutions, 6 88;

  endeavours to enlist imperial and private aid, 89, 10 423-4;

  Selkirk route gives place to Winnipeg route, 20 297;

  effect of choice of route on settlement, 19 162-3;

  terms of construction, 6 89, 10 424;

  Blake’s criticism of agreement, 6 89-90;

  an alternative scheme, 90;

  contract ratified, 90;

  public opinion and the contract, 90-91;

  begun and completed, 10 432;

  lines incorporated by, 433-5, 436, 15 190;

  ‘a body without arms,’ 10 434;

  its conflict with Grand Trunk, 435-8;

  obtains Dominion aid, 438-9;

  its serious position in 1885, 439;

  its building the inception of new North-West, 19 163;

  construction followed by agricultural depression in Ontario, 18 575-6;

  policy underlying ‘monopoly’ clause, 10 424-5;

  disallowance of Manitoba charters and agitation in province, 439-41;

  threatens to remove its workshops from Winnipeg, 440, 19 119;

  abrogation of ‘monopoly’ clause and its conditions, 10 441, 19 122;

  rate-cutting results in friction with United States, 9 162;

  and crossing facilities, 19 123-4;

  enters Transatlantic Rates Association, 9 162;

  land endowment to, 149-50;

  excessive speculation induced by construction, 150-1;

  land endowment of retards settlement, 20 292-3;

  organizes ready-made farms for colonization, 7 588, 20 302;

  land sales in Prairie Provinces (1893-1914), 315;

  constructs line from Lethbridge to Nelson, 10 452;

  its irrigation works in Alberta, 20 591-2;

  mileage and percentage west of Lake Superior, 10 457;

  system and its connections, 20 300-1, 566;

  its development (1896, 1913), 310-1;

  increase in gross earnings (1901-12), 9 199;

  agitation to rescind exemption from taxation, 19 258, 265, 274;

  compounds taxation in Prairie Provinces, 20 361;

  subventions from British Columbia, 22 364-5;

  its steamship services—on upper lakes, 10 546, 550, 556;

  river car transports, 547;

  on inland lakes, 570-1;

  transatlantic services and fleet, 612-3;

  Pacific services and fleet, 572-3, 613-8;

  first great material achievement of Confederation, 6 6.

Canadian Plumbago Company, 16 593.

Canadian Titanic Iron Ore Company. Attempts mining at Baie St Paul, 16 579.

Canadian Voltigeurs. Take part in War of 1812, 3 209 and n., 247-9.

Canals.

  Special Article: The Canals of Canada, 10 502-36;

  a handicap on public finance, 5 233, 249;

  tonnage on Canadian and American (1863), 251;

  projects discussed after Confederation, 9 115;

  attempted discrimination in transhipment of grain cargoes, 160-1;

  obstacles to navigation in St Lawrence system, 10 502-3.

  St Lawrence System:

    Sulpicians begin Lake St Pierre-Lachine Canal (1700), 504;

    built for defence, 505;

    construction and improvement (1818-75), 505-6;

    total length, 536;

    rise in elevation between Montreal and Lake Superior, 536;

    abolition of tolls, 536;

    traffic (1912), 536;

    expenditures to 1912, 536;

    operation, maintenance, and repairs, 536 and n.;

    stimulus given by free trade on, 536.

  See under individual names of canals.

Canceaux. Conveys Captain Holland on his survey, 13 332-3.

Canniff, William (1830-1910). His historical works, 12 499.

Canning, George (1770-1827), British statesman. Maintains the prescriptive right of inalienable allegiance, 3 193;

  and pretensions of United States on Pacific coast, 8 843 and n., 844, 921 n.;

  assents to concert with United States on Alaska boundary dispute, 919-20;

  his criticism of American pretensions, 921 n.;

  his instructions to Bagot, 922, 924 and n.;

  repudiates Bagot’s action, 925 n.;

  his instructions to Stratford Canning, 925-6.

Canning, Stratford, afterwards first Viscount Stratford de Redcliffe (1786-1880). Negotiates Alaska boundary treaty of 1825, 8 844, 925-7, 921 n.

Cannon, John Francis. Builds first stone Roman Catholic church in Ottawa, 11 49.

Canoe River, a tributary of the Columbia. David Thompson passes winters at, 4 667.

Canot, Claude Joseph Marie (1710-51). Father-prefect of the Jesuit College, Quebec, 16 366.

Canterbury, Charles Manners Sutton, first Viscount Canterbury (1780-1845). Offered governorship of Canada, 3 320;

  rejected as speaker of House of Commons, 4 473.

Canterbury, Sir John Henry Manners-Sutton, third Viscount. See Manners-Sutton.

Cap de la Magdelaine. Seigniory of granted the Jesuits (1651), 2 556.

Cap Rouge. Jacques Cartier’s settlement at, 16 573-4;

  Holmes’s reconnaissance against, 1 290, 295.

Cap Rouge River. Fort erected by Cartier at mouth of, 1 40.

Cap Royal (Bear Head). Sighted by Cartier, 1 30.

Cap St Jean. Named by Cartier, 1 30.

Cap Tourmente. Farm established by Champlain at (1626), 16 506;

  its farm buildings burned by David Kirke, 2 400;

  herd of cattle at (1629), 7 654;

  site of Laval’s model farm, 16 332, 333.

Cape Alexander. Reached by Simpson and Dease, 4 689.

Cape Anguille. Sighted by Cartier, 1 30.

Cape Barrow. Named by Sir John Franklin, 4 681.

Cape Bathurst. Rounded by Sir John Richardson, 4 684.

Cape Blanco. Named by Martin d’Aguilar, 21 17.

Cape Bonavista, on east coast of Newfoundland. Arrival of Cartier at, 1 28.

Cape Breton Island. Discovered by John Cabot, 13 16;

  topography of, 14 622;

  Ochiltree’s attempt at colonization of, 13 38-39;

  French take possession of, 1 203;

  name changed to Ile Royale, 203;

  acquired by Great Britain, 13 101;

  erected into a county, 113;

  establishment of courts, 113;

  formed into separate province (1784), 230, 14 453;

  its governors, 13 230-1;

  official squabbles, 231;

  mining in the eighteenth century, 14 673-4;

  coal royalty as a governor-general’s perquisite, 674;

  reannexed to Nova Scotia, 13 232, 14 453;

  courts established and abolished, 471;

  first Anglican incumbents and their parishes, 11 206;

  early postal services in, 5 375;

  timber resources, 14 623, 629.

  See also Coal.

Cape Cormorant. See Cape de Latte.

Cape Decision, at the mouth of Christian Sound. Named by Vancouver, 21 51.

Cape d’Esperance. Named by Cartier, 1 31.

Cape de Latte (Cape Cormorant). Named by Cartier, 1 30.

Cape Farewell. Gaspar Corte Real at, 1 23.

Cape Flattery. Sighted by Captain Cook, 21 26.

Cape Forchu. Raided by privateers, 13 219.

Cape Fullerton. North-West Mounted Police post at, 22 649.

Cape Hearne. Named by Franklin, 4 681, 5 299.

Cape Hope’s Advance. Reached by Hudson, 1 151.

Cape Krusenstern. Rae’s farthest in 1848, 5 300-1.

Cape Mackenzie. Named by Franklin, 4 681.

Cape Parry. Rounded by Richardson, 4 684.

Cape Prince of Wales. Discovered by Captain Cook, 21 28.

Cape Race. Gaspar Corte Real at, 1 24.

Cape Ray. Named St George’s Cape by John Cabot, 1 21.

Cape Riche. Named by Cartier Cap Double, 1 29.

Cape San Lucas. Skirted by Francisco Ulloa, 21 14.

Cape Tourmentine. Sighted by Cartier. 1 31.

Cape Weggs. Sighted by Hudson, 1 152.

Cape Wolstenholme. Named after one of Hudson’s patrons, 1 152.

Capel, George. Owner of Capelton copper mines, Lennoxville, 16 587.

Capilano. Pacific coast steamer, 10 573.

Cappon, James (b. 1854). His critical works, 12 529;

  on Roberts’s poetry, 574-5.

Captain Cook, ship. Lowrie’s expedition to Pacific coast made in the (1786), 21 31-32.

Capuchins. Sent to Louisiana, 2 430, 11 69.

Car of Commerce. St Lawrence steamboat, 10 495.

Carantouan, on the upper Susquehanna. Étienne Brûlé entertained at, 1 57.

Carantouanais (Andastes or Eries). Étienne Brûlé’s mission to, 1 53-54.

Carbery, James Joseph (1823-87). Roman Catholic bishop of Hamilton (1883-7), 11 65.

Cardwell, Edward, Viscount Cardwell (1813-86). Reorganizes British army, 7 393.

Card money. See Currency and Banking.

Carey, Bruce A. Conductor of the Elgar Choir, Hamilton, 12 647.

Carhagouha. Huron village south of Thunder Bay, 1 53;

  first mass in Ontario celebrated at, 58.

Cariboo. Pacific coast steamer, 10 573.

Cariboo Gold Fields. Discovery, development, and aggregate yield (1859-71), 21 155-6.

Cariboo Road. Its construction and cost, 21 117, 149, 157-8;

  its economic and political value, 273-4.

Caribou. Man-of-war built at Quebec (1744), 2 509.

Carignan-Salières, Regiment of. Arrive in Canada, 2 346;

  military settlements formed by, 539-41, 15 36.

Carillon Canal, 10 517.

Carleton, Sir Guy. See Dorchester, Baron.

Carleton, Thomas (1736-1817), first governor of New Brunswick (1784-1817). His appointment, 13 152;

  instructions to, 14 482, 617;

  his choice of a capital, 13 155, 158, 160;

  tramps on snow-shoes to Quebec, 156;

  guards the prerogative, 158;

  and American aggression on St Croix, 160;

  grants charter to St John, 161;

  delays calling assembly, 162-3;

  twice offered lieutenant-governorship of Quebec, 170;

  fits out armed cruiser for coast service, 177;

  raises King’s New Brunswick Regiment, 176-7;

  quarrels with assembly, 178-9;

  as non-resident governor, 183-4;

  death of, 187;

  sketch of, 152-3;

  his generosity and public spirit, 156-7, 180;

  peculiarities of disposition, 157, 181;

  his absolutism, 158-9.

Carleton. War vessel on Lake Champlain (1782), 10 487.

Carleton, or West St John. Named in honour of Sir Guy Carleton, 13 145.

Carleton Island, Kingston. Government shipyards established at, 10 486, 491.

Carlier, Pierre. Privileges granted to (1733), 8 915.

Carling, Sir John (1828-1911), commissioner of Agriculture in Ontario. His position in public life, 17 107 and n., 18 570;

  elects to sit in federal house, 17 135, 230 n., 232 n.

Carlyle, Florence. Canadian artist, 12 625-6.

Carlyle, Dr. Assistant in Toronto normal school, 18 324.

Carmack, George. Discovers gold at Bonanza Creek, Yukon Territory, 22 606.

Carman, Dr Albert (b. 1833). General superintendent of Methodist Church, 11 310.

Carman, Bliss (b. 1861). Canadian poet, 12 579-81.

Carmelite Fathers, 11 62.

Carmichael, James (1826-1908). Anglican bishop of Montreal, 11 220.

Carmichael, James A. (d. 1911). Presbyterian superintendent of missions, 11 295.

Carnarvon, Henry Howard Molyneux Herbert, fourth Earl of (1831-90). Arbitrates on British Columbia railway question, 6 65, 10 422, 21 193-5, 199;

  favours making colonial adherence to commercial treaties optional, 9 172.

Carnes, William. Baptist pioneer in British Columbia, 11 375.

Carolina. Canadian sealer, seized by American cruiser, 8 723.

Caroline.

  (1) Steamboat on upper St Lawrence (1826), 10 498.

  (2) Seizure of gives rise to diplomatic incident, 3 366, 7 388.

Caron, Joseph Edouard (b. 1866). Minister of Agriculture of Quebec, 15 213 n.

Caron, René Edouard (1800-76). Original director of Grand Trunk, 10 401;

  speaker of legislative council of Canada, 5 43.

Carr, Robert. Royal commissioner to New England, 1 161.

Carrall, Robert William Weir (d. 1879). Member of council of British Columbia, 21 176;

  Confederation delegate to Ottawa, 175.

Carroll, John (d. 1885). At Halifax, 11 45;

  and the test for Roman Catholics, 13 272;

  his insubordinate conduct, 11 80;

  administers diocese of Toronto, 60.

Cartell, Pierre. Conviction and execution of at Halifax (1749), 13 85.

Carter, F. C., counsel for United States in Bering Sea arbitration. His disavowal, 8 731-2;

  on property in seals, 735-7.

Carter, Thomas Henry. United States member of International Joint Commission, 6 368.

Carter, William S. Superintendent of Education for New Brunswick, 14 555.

Carter-Cotton, Francis L. (b. 1847). Minister of Finance of British Columbia, 21 224;

  president of council, 232-3;

  chancellor of university, 22 442.

Carteret, Sir George (d. 1680). One of the ‘Gentlemen Adventurers,’ 1 162;

  induces Radisson and Groseilliers to take service with England, 161, 173.

Carteret, Sir Philip. Original member of Hudson’s Bay Company, 1 166.

Carthaginian. Allan liner, 10 606.

Cartier, Sir George Étienne, Bart. (1814-73). An incorporator of Toronto and Montreal Railway, 10 396;

  his education acts of 1856, 16 429;

  on commissions on defence (1862, 1865), 7 401, 421;

  leader of French opinion, 5 82;

  his part in Confederation, 6, 15 170, 171;

  and the British constitution, 170-1;

  opposes legislative union, 173-4;

  on racial diversity in Canada, 5 98;

  favours northern route for Intercolonial, 6 30-31;

  and New Brunswick militia system, 14 414;

  negotiates transfer of North-West Territories, 19 61;

  his part in Pacific Scandal, 6 57;

  on his father’s wheat exports from Richelieu River, 15 112-3;

  sketch of, 6 23-24.

Cartier, Jacques (1491-1557), French navigator and discoverer. First voyage (1534), in which he explores Gulf of St Lawrence, 1 27-34;

  second voyage (1535), in which he visits Stadacona and Hochelaga, 34-38;

  third voyage (1541), as Roberval’s subordinate, 38-42;

  describes fisheries of the Micmacs, 16 555;

  three crosses planted by, 2 379;

  what he means by ‘hearing mass,’ 379-80;

  true spelling of his name, 381 and n.;

  and presence of minerals, 16 573-4;

  includes cows in his supplies, 7 654.

Cartmell, Martha M. First woman foreign missionary of Methodist Church in Canada, 11 329.

Cartwright, Richard (1759-1815). First judge at Mecklenburg, 18 521;

  opposes Simcoe’s policy, 412;

  his plan for incorporation of Kingston, 421;

  on value of trade with United States (1797), 4 551, 555;

  and the return of French émigrés, 17 55;

  engages John Strachan as tutor, 18 346-7;

  on Canada’s ability to furnish supplies for West Indies, 4 557;

  introduces a grammar school bill, 18 352.

Cartwright, Sir Richard John (1835-1912). Minister of Finance (1873-8), 6 64, 7 514;

  his deficits used as arguments for more protection, 9 144;

  and tariff increases, 147-8 and n.;

  denounces budget of 1879, 6 87;

  and commercial union, 109, 110, 9 167;

  and Riel’s execution, 6 105;

  minister of Trade and Commerce (1896-1911), 131;

  member of Joint High Commission, 135, 9 169;

  Old Age Annuities Act passed by, 6 161.

Carver, Jonathan (1732-80), explorer. Names Columbia River the ‘Oregon,’ 21 21.

Cary, George Hunter, attorney-general of British Columbia. His irascibility, 21 131;

  attempts to ‘corner’ water supply, 131;

  builds Cary Castle, 132, 147.

Cascades. Construction of locks at, 10 507-8;

  plans for improvement, 511-2.

Cascapedia. Steamer on Montreal-Pictou route, 10 562.

Cascapedia River. Its fishing rental, 16 563.

Case, William (d. 1855). First superintendent of Canadian Methodist Church, 11 307;

  labours among Indians, 5 349;

  sketch of, 11 315.

Casey, Timothy (b. 1862). Roman Catholic archbishop of Vancouver, 11 79 and n.

Casgrain, Henri Raymond (1831-1904). His literary works, 12 457-8, 484;

  on the habitant, 458-9.

Casgrain, Thomas Chase (b. 1852). Member of International Joint Commission, 6 368.

Casot, Jean Joseph (1728-1800), the last of the Jesuits in Canada. Death of, 11 21, 16 408.

Caspian. Lake Ontario steamboat, 10 554.

Cassandra. Donaldson Line steamship, 10 614.

Cassels, Robert. His statement on affairs of Bank of Upper Canada (1861), 5 289.

Cassels, Walter Gibson Pringle (b. 1845), judge of Exchequer Court of Canada. Inquires into charges against Marine and Fisheries department, 6 164.

Cassiar. Pacific coast steamer, 10 573.

Castanet, Jean Baptiste Marie (d. 1798). French priest in the Maritime Provinces, 11 42.

Castillon, Jacques. Granted seigniory of Isle d’Orleans, 2 557-8, 15 27.

Castine. See Majebigwaduce.

Castine Fund. Its origin and destination, 13 259-60, 263, 268, 14 516.

Castle, Montague. Canadian painter and designer, 12 622.

Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, Viscount (afterwards second Marquis of Londonderry) (1769-1822), secretary for War and the Colonies (1807-9). His Local Militia Act (1808), 7 382;

  and the appointment of vicars-apostolic for Canada, 11 45.

Castor. Man-of-war built at Quebec (1745), 2 509.

Castor and Pollux Bay. The farthest point reached by Simpson and Dease, 4 689.

Catalogne, Gédéon de (1662-1729). His criticism of holidays of the habitants, 2 544;

  his report on seigniories, 552-9;

  on agricultural conditions, 581.

Cataract. American Mail Line steamer, 10 540.

Cataraqui (Fort Frontenac). Established, 1 104;

 Iroquois chief seized at (1687), 2 356.

  See also Fort Frontenac; Kingston.

Cathcart, Charles Murray, Earl (1783-1859), governor-in-chief of Canada (1846-7). Administrator of Canada, 5 44;

  criticizes assembly for assuming control over salary of governor’s secretary, 131-2;

  on the ‘double majority,’ 149 n.;

  urges continuance of protection to colonial wheat, 215;

  on double tariff, 220.

Cathcart, Lady Gordon. Assists immigration of Scottish crofters, 7 548.

Catholic Emancipation. The penal laws of Nova Scotia and their repeal in 1827, 13 228-9, 272;

  passed in Prince Edward Island (1830), 363.

Catholic League. Its support of the Mowat government, 17 147.

Cauchon, Joseph Edouard (1816-85). His amendment on clergy reserves question (1854), 5 73;

  originator of Fishery Act of 1857, 16 559-60;

  reason of his failure to form an administration, 15 172;

  and North Shore railway project, 180;

  as French-Canadian journalist and statesman, 12 477, 15 171-2;

  lieutenant-governor of Manitoba (1877-82), 6 73, 19 109.

Caughlan, Lawrence. Introduces Methodism into Newfoundland, 11 303.

Caughnawaga Canal. Proposed construction of, 10 534-5.

Caughnawaga Indians. Condition of their Christian settlement, 5 332.

Caulfeild, Thomas (d. 1717), lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia. Inaugurates civil government, 13 76;

  his dignified reply to the governor’s implied censure, 76.

Caussault, Justice. Arbitrator in adjusting provincial financial obligations, 7 474.

Cavanagh, Lawrence. First Roman Catholic admitted to Nova Scotia assembly, 13 271-2.

Cayley, Hugh St Quentin (b. 1857). Member of first legislative assembly of North-West Territories, 19 223;

  joins advisory council, 231;

  appointed to executive, 241;

  opposes Haultain, 241, 242, 243.

Cayley, William, inspector-general of accounts (1845-8, 1854-8). His banking act, 5 277;

  and bona fides of bank promotions, 280;

  his budget of 1858, 9 133;

  his relations with Bank of Upper Canada, 5 289;

  and Municipal Loan Fund, 18 448, 449.

Cayuga. Toronto-Niagara steamboat, 10 553.

Cayuga Bridge Stock. Six Nations funds lost through investment in, 5 344.

Cayuga Creek. First ship on upper lakes built at (1679), 1 101.

Cayugas, Indian tribe. Mission at Kenté to the, 1 85.

Cazeau, Clément. Quebec educationist, 16 426.

Cazeaux, R. F. Contributes to the Patriotic Fund (1799), 15 102.

Cécile, Joseph Étienne (1793-1857). Missionary priest in Prince Edward Island, 11 42, 73.

Cedars. American surrender and alleged massacre of prisoners at the, 3 97-99.

Céloron de Blainville. See Blainville.

Cens et rentes. See Seigneurial System.

Central Agricultural Society, Nova Scotia. Founded (1818), 14 649.

Central Bank. Chartered (1883), fails (1887), 10 643.

Central Canada Railway. Municipal borrowings in aid of, 10 414.

Centurion. Ship employed in reduction of Quebec (1759), 1 285.

Certain, Zacharie (d. 1687), Sulpician. Teaches in Montreal, 16 337.

Cervona. Thomson Line steamship, 10 615.

Cetriana. Vancouver-Prince Rupert steamer, 10 573.

Ceylon. Granted Canadian preference, 9 213.

Chabanel, Noël (1613-49). Jesuit martyr, 2 408.

Chaboillez, Augustin (1773-1834), curé of Longueuil. Opposes appointment of Bishop Lartigue, 11 86.

Chabot, Captain. His defence of the Près-de-Ville, Quebec, 3 91.

Chads, Captain. Wolfe’s final plan communicated to, 1 295.

Chaigneau, Léonard (d. 1711). Director of schools of St Sulpice, Montreal, 16 338.

Chake (or Chaque), Martin. ‘Sails’ through Strait of Anian, 21 18.

Chaleur Bay. Jacques Cartier trades with Indians at, 1 31.

Challener, Frederick Sproston (b. 1869). Canadian artist, 12 623.

Chalmers, R. On soils of Saskatchewan and Alberta, 20 548-50.

Chalmers, Thomas (1780-1847), Scottish preacher and theologian. Declines invitation to go to Canada, and recommends John Strachan, 3 335 n., 18 346.

Chalus, Comte de, French émigré. Attempts to settle French refugees in Canada, 11 26, 17 55.

Chamberlain, Mrs Agnes. Canadian painter of flowers, 12 627.

Chamberlain, Joseph (1836-1914), colonial secretary (1895-1903). Member of a fisheries commission (1887), 6 108, 8 702, 9 158;

  condemns commercial union at Toronto, 6 110;

  and imperial penny postage, 7 643;

  at Imperial Conferences (1897, 1902), 6 189-90;

  on obstacles to British preference, 133;

  and the extent of Canadian preference, 9 212;

  his tariff reform campaign, 6 144-5, 9 208-9.

Chambers of Commerce. Proposals for incorporation of, with special powers (1777, 1787), 4 530-1, 545.

Chambly, Pierre de. Seigniory granted to, 2 555, 15 39.

Chambly. Pierre de Chambly granted seigniory of, 2 555;

  surrendered by Major Stopford (1775), 3 81;

  secondary school founded at, 16 423.

Chambly Canal. Its construction and present use, 10 515-6.

Chambon, Guillaume (1709-68), Sulpician. Teaches Latin at St Sulpice, 16 384.

Champigny, Jean Bochart de, intendant of New France (1686-1702). His issues of card money, 2 496, 498.

Champion, Gabriel (d. 1808). French priest serving in Maritime Provinces, 11 42.

Champion.

  (1) Steamer on the Hamilton-Montreal route, 10 540.

  (2) Canadian Navigation Company’s steamboat, 10 539.

Champlain, Samuel (1567-1635), founder of New France; governor (1612-29, 1633-5). His first visit to the St Lawrence, 2 317;

  accompanies Pont-Gravé’s expedition, 1 45;

  his explorations in Acadia, 13 19-20;

  establishes ‘Order of the Good Time,’ 30;

  founds Quebec, 1 46, 2 449-50, 15 18;

  introduces cattle to Canada, 7 654;

  encounter with Iroquois, 1 46;

  exchanges hostages with Algonquins, 47;

  forms a company, 2 317-8;

  his commission of 1612, 1 48;

  on the Ottawa, 49;

  deceived by Nicolas Vignau, 50;

  his maps of 1612 and 1613, 50-51;

  loses his astrolabe, 51;

  brings out Récollets (1615), 52;

  at Sault St Louis, 2 387-8;

  in the Lake region, 1 52-56;

  constructs fort at Quebec, 2 393;

  establishes farm at Cap Tourmente, 16 506;

  attempts to civilize Indians, 2 392;

  favours race fusion with Indians, 15 43;

  defends Quebec against Kirke, 2 400;

  capitulates (July 19, 1629), 401;

  taken to England (1629), 15 21;

  secures retrocession of Canada (1632), 2 325, 401-2;

  returns to colony, 15 21;

  death of, 1 61, 2 325, 15 22;

  his exalted aims, 1 3, 2 451;

  his work for colonization, 15 17-22;

  first of the habitants, 16 505-6.

Champlain. War vessel on Lake Champlain, 10 494.

Champlain and St Lawrence Railway. First proposals for construction (1824), 10 366;

  some quaint suggestions, 368-9;

  company incorporated, 369;

  public or private ownership of, 369;

  meets opposition of carters, 369;

  rate regulation and provision for state purchase, 369-70;

  opened for traffic (1836), 370;

  wooden rails and horse traction first employed on, 370.

Champlain Canal. Constructed (1822), 10 515.

Champs d’Or de Rigaud-Vaudreuil, Limited, 16 581-2.

Chancellor. Harrison Direct Line steamship, 10 618.

Chandler, Edward Barron (1800-80). Member of New Brunswick assembly, 13 200;

  Confederation delegate, 14 411;

  and Intercolonial Railway construction, 10 384, 387;

  lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, 14 427.

Chandler, John (1760-1841), American general. Taken prisoner at Stoney Creek, 3 242.

Chapais, Jean Charles (1812-85). Minister of Agriculture in first Dominion cabinet, 6 22;

  receiver-general, 7 514.

Chapais, Jean Charles Louis Thomas (b. 1850). Assistant dairy commissioner of Canada, 7 669.

Chapais, Thomas (b. 1858). His literary works, 12 460, 477;

  on the French-Canadians, 478-9.

Chapeton, Jean. Negotiates with Pontiac, 3 62.

Chapleau, Sir Joseph Adolphe (1840-98), premier of Quebec (1879-82). Member of Ouimet’s government, 15 178;

  on the Scott murder, 19 88, 89 and n.;

  his defence of Lépine, 105;

  joins de Boucherville’s government, 15 180;

  opposition leader, 185;

  forms a ministry, 189;

  railway policy of, 189-90;

  secretary of state in Dominion government (1882), 191;

  and Chinese immigration, 21 260-4;

  lieutenant-governor of Quebec, 6 127, 15 207.

Chaplin, Henry (b. 1841). British protectionist, 6 144.

Chapman, E. J. (1821-1904). Professor in University College, Toronto, 18 386, 389.

Chapman, James. Captain of the Kingston Packet, 10 493.

Chapman, William (b. 1850). French-Canadian poet, 12 468.

Chappell, Benjamin, postmaster at Charlottetown. Refers to the Selkirk colonists, 13 356-7.

Charbonnel, Armand François Marie de (1802-91). Roman Catholic bishop of Toronto (1850-60), 11 60;

  and the separate schools, 18 314.

Charest, A. Missionary priest at Penetanguishene (1838), 11 51.

Charest, Étienne. Petitions for full exercise of the Catholic religion (1763), 11 16.

Charity.

  (1) Vessel built on Niagara River, 10 486.

  (2) Atlantic steamboat built (1854), 10 604.

Charity, Sisters of. Established in Quebec, 11 98;

  at St François-Xavier, 137;

  settle in New Brunswick, 78;

  in diocese of Antigonish, 81;

  at Halifax, 83;

  in diocese of Sherbrooke, 90.

  See also Grey Nuns.

Charlebois, Ovide (b. 1862), Vicar-apostolic of Keewatin, 11 195.

Charles, Thomas. In charge of Fort George, 21 127 n.

Charles, W. In charge of Fort Hope, 21 127 n.

Charles, William. H.B.C. manager at Victoria, 21 154.

Charles. Luke Foxe’s vessel, 1 158.

Charles Mary Wentworth. Liverpool privateer, 13 253.

Charlesbourg Royal. Founded by Jacques Cartier, 1 40;

  withdrawal of Pontbriand to (1759), 2 441, 1 41.

Charlestown. Ship engaged with French frigates near Sydney (1781), 13 222-3.

Charlevoix, Pierre François Xavier de (1682-1761), Jesuit. Outlines routes to Western Sea, 1 117;

  on the good physique and adaptability of Canadians, 15 94-95, 16 376.

Charlevoix County. Clerical intimidation at by-election (1876), 6 72.

Charlotte. Steamboat on upper St Lawrence (1843), 10 538.

Charlottenburg, Township of. Settled by Scottish Roman Catholics (1784), 17 25.

Charlottetown. Planned by Charles Morris, 13 337-8;

  Francklin’s description of (1768), 346-7;

  suggested changes in plan of, 347-8;

  raided by American privateers, 353.

  See also Port la Joye.

Charlottetown Conference, 14 411.

Charlton, John (1829-1910). His attitude to fiscal questions, 6 80, 82, 9 167;

  member of Joint High Commission, 6 135, 9 169.

Charlton, William Andrew (b. 1841). Commissioner of Public Works of Ontario, 17 184, 230 n.

Charlton Island. Captain James spends winter at, 1 159;

  French traders marooned on, 1 177, 180.

Charmer. C.P.R. Pacific coast steamer, 10 572.

Charnisay, Charles de Menou, Seigneur d’Aulnay (d. 1650). Accompanies de Razilly to Acadia (1632), 13 41-42;

  dispossesses New Englanders, 42;

  succeeds de Razilly, 42;

  his struggle with La Tour, 42-43, 44-45;

  captures La Tour’s fort, 46;

  extent of his jurisdiction, 46;

  as colonizer, 46-47;

  death of, 47.

Charon, Jean François. Founder of community of the Charon Brothers, 16 339;

  death of, 341.

Charon Brothers. Their schools and foundations, 2 428, 16 339, 340, 342, 346;

  project a trades school, 383;

  and normal school teaching, 344-5;

  endowed by Marine Council, 340-1;

  de Ramezay’s strictures on, 342-3;

  regulations prepared for, 345;

  withdrawal of subsidy and decline of, 345-6;

  value of their work, 346.

Charpentier, Charles. Norman immigrant at St Peter’s, Prince Edward Island (1719), 13 312.

Charron, Claude (b. 1621). Alderman of Quebec (1663), 15 288.

Chartered Bank of Canada. Charter applied for (1858), 5 283.

Chartered Bank of Upper Canada. See Bank of Upper Canada.

Chartier, Abbé Emile. Author of Pages de Combat, 12 488.

Chartier de Lotbinière, Louis Eustache (1688-1749), archdeacon of Quebec. Quarrels with his chapter, 2 431;

  name inscribed in grammar of Jesuit College, 16 368, 2 433.

Charton, François (d. c. 1626), Jesuit brother. Arrives in Quebec (1625), 2 397.

Charwell. War vessel on Lake Ontario, 10 494.

Chasles, Joseph. Pupil in school at Château-Richer (1702), 16 334.

Chastes, Aymar de, governor of Dieppe. Sends expedition to St Lawrence (1603), 2 317.

Château Bay, entrance to Strait of Belle Isle. Jacques Cartier at, 1 28, 33.

Château-Richer. Schools established at, 16 333, 334, 384;

  convent founded at, 357-8.

Châteauguay. Reservation for christianized redskins at, 2 554;

  a school for Indians at (1829), 5 347;

  Americans defeated at, 3 8, 247-9.

Châteauguay River. Scottish immigrant and non-loyalist American settlements on, 15 155-8.

Chatel, Aimée. Sister of Notre Dame, Montreal, 2 414, 16 335.

Châtelain, Pierre (1604-84), Jesuit, 2 408.

Chatham, N.B. A shipbuilding centre, 10 585;

  saw-mill owned by Cunards at, 10 585.

Chatham. Ship of Vancouver’s expedition of 1791, 21 47, 48, 49, 51.

Chatillon, Henry. French voyageur described by Parkman, 15 75.

Chatique (or The Pelican), Indian chief. Exacts tribute from Alexander Henry, 4 645-6.

Chauffours, Louis d’Amours, Sieur de (1655-1708). Founds settlement at Richibucto, 13 59;

  receives grant in Acadia, 59;

  erects first saw-mill in New Brunswick, 59, 14 602.

Chaumonot, Father F. Requested to chastise Huron children, 16 336.

Chaumonot, Pierre Joseph Marie (1611-93). Jesuit missionary, 1 65, 2 407, 408;

  his dictionary of the Neutral language, 1 67.

Chauncey, Isaac (1772-1840), American naval officer. In the campaign of 1812, 3 218;

  at the capture of York and Fort George, 239-40, 256.

Chaussegros de Léry, Gaspard (1682-1756), French civil engineer. On Lake St Pierre-Lachine Canal, 10 504.

Chauveau, Pierre Joseph Olivier (1820-90), premier of Quebec (1867-73). His work as superintendent of Public Instruction of Quebec, 16 428, 429, 430, 431;

  prime minister, 15 173;

  measures passed and works promoted by, 173-7;

  president of Senate, 177;

  his literary works, 12 472, 484, 488;

  as orator, writer, and educationist, 15 173.

Chauvigny de Berchereau, François (d. 1651). Nominated member of council (1648), 2 330.

Chauvin, Pierre, Sieur de Tontuit. Given charter to trade and colonize New France, 2 316;

  founds Tadoussac, 11 253.

Chavignaud, George. Painter of Dutch scenes. 12 625.

Cheadle, Walter Butler (1835-1910). His transcontinental journey (1862-3), 5 324-7.

Chedabucto Bay. Named Freshwater Bay by João Alvarez Fagundez, 1 25.

Cheffaut de la Regnardière. Granted seigniory of Beaupré, 15 27.

Chénier, Jean Olivier (1806-37). Implicated in Rebellion in Lower Canada, 3 363.

Chequamegon Point. Dispersed Ottawas settle at, 1 69;

  Radisson builds fort at, 77, 79.

Cherrier, Alphonsus Avila (b. 1849). Missionary priest at Winnipeg, 11 164;

  editor of North-West Review, 187.

Cherriman, J. B. Professor in University College, Toronto, 18 386.

Chesapeake, American man-of-war. Seizure of British seamen by, 3 194;

  engagement with the Shannon, 236;

  brought as prize to Halifax, 13 258.

Cheslakee. Pacific coast steamer, 10 573.

Chesley, S. Y. Superintendent of Indian Affairs in Lower Canada, 5 355.

Chesnaye, Charles Aubert de la. See Aubert de la Chesnaye, Charles.

Cheveux Revelés, or Staring Hairs (Ottawas). Encountered by Champlain, 1 53, 55.

Chewitt, engineer. Surveys for Grand River Canal, 10 525.

Chiappini, J. D. Missionary priest in British Columbia, 11 165.

Chicago. Part played by French Canadians in its discovery and settlement, 15 77.

Chicora.

  (1) Georgian Bay-Lake Superior steamboat, 10 546.

  (2) Lake Ontario steamboat, its history, 10 553.

Chicoutimi College. Founded (1873), 11 101, 16 432.

Chief Commissioner. Red River steamboat, 10 567.

Chief Justice Robinson. Lake Ontario steamboat, 10 537;

  her peculiar build, 537.

Chieftain. Steamboat on Long Sault and Lachine route, 10 538.

Chignecto. Acadian colony at, 13 52;

  Benjamin Church’s raid on, 57-58.

Chignecto, Isthmus of. French fort built on disputed territory at, 1 220.

Chignecto Ship Canal. Its partial construction and failure, 10 449, 532-3.

Child, Moses. American spy, 13 217.

Childers, Hugh Culling Eardley (1827-96), president of Great Western Railway. Reports system as over-officered, 10 427;

  his resignation, 430.

Chilian. Brigantine built at Lunenburg, 10 581.

Chilkoot Pass. International friction after gold discovery at, 8 933-4.

China. First iron screw steamer of Cunard line, 10 601.

Chinese Immigration. In the Dominion, 6 343, 7 567-8.

  British Columbia:

    the problem raised, 21 250-1;

    first arrivals on Pacific coast, 251;

    participate in first San Francisco 4th of July celebration, 251;

    vote in provincial elections, 180;

    early proposals at restriction, 252-5;

    deprived of franchise, 196;

    regulation act of 1878 (provincial) disallowed, 255;

    reports of special committees, 255-6;

    question raised in Dominion house, 256-7;

    its moral, economic, and racial aspects, 257, 259, 266, 269-71;

    immigrants thirled to wealthy Canton merchants, 259;

    statistics, 7 567, 21 259, 265, 267;

    commissions of 1884 and 1901, 260-3, 266-7;

    agitation for total exclusion, 264;

    head-tax and its successive increases, 7 567, 21 263-4, 267;

    effect on wages of increase in head-tax, 267, 272;

    prohibited from timber lands and mainland coast fisheries, 22 372;

    five objections to, 21 268-9;

    its results, 270-1, 272-3;

    legislation summarized, 211-2.

Chiniquy, Charles (1809-99). Parish priest of Beauport and temperance advocate, 11 97;

  joins Presbyterian Church, 278-9.

Chipewyans. Massacre of Eskimos at Bloody Fall by, 4 671;

  decimated by disease, 22 649;

  Thibault’s mission to, 11 134;

  cede territory, 7 598.

Chipman, Thomas Handley (1756-1830). Baptist pastor in Maritime Provinces, 11 353.

Chipman, Ward (1754-1824), judge of Supreme Court, New Brunswick. First solicitor-general of New Brunswick, 13 153, 167;

  prepares draft charter of St John, 161;

  candidate for St John (1785), 164;

  opposes payment of members, 173;

  one of Maine boundary agents, 8 759, 772, 784, 786;

  administrator of province, 13 195.

Chipman, Ward (1787-1851), chief justice of New Brunswick (1834-51). One of Maine boundary agents, 8 772, 792;

  last judge to sit in legislative council, 13 200;

  his bequest to Anglican Church, 11 211.

Chipody. Defeat of Major Frye at (1755), 13 96-97.

Chippawa. Battle fought at (1814), 3 255;

  occupied during Fenian raid (1866), 7 409.

Chippewa.

  (1) Lakes vessel, 10 486.

  (2) British ship engaged in battle of Lake Erie, 10 492.

  (3) First Canadian steamboat on Lake Erie, 10 501.

  (4) Toronto-Niagara steamboat, 10 553.

Chippewas, Indian tribe. Incited against British, 3 54;

  and Sir George Simpson, 5 318;

  land surrendered by, 4 711, 5 336-7;

  territory and numbers before coming of whites, 11 115.

Chirikoff, Alexis. His discoveries and explorations in North Pacific, 8 846, 21 40-41.

Chirouse, Casimir. Missionary priest in Vancouver Island, 11 145, 147.

Chirouse, E. C. Missionary priest in British Columbia, 11 165;

  his arrest and imprisonment, 180-1.

Chisholm, John (b. 1800). Missionary priest in Cape Breton Island, 11 73.

Chittenden, Thomas (1730-97), governor of Vermont. Negotiates for freedom of trade with New France, 4 534.

Choiseul, Étienne François, Duc de (1719-85). Plans invasion of England, 1 269, 8 891.

Choke-Cherry Indians, 1 130.

Cholera Visitations. In Lower Canada, 3 316, 5 207, 11 95;

  in New Brunswick, 13 207-8;

  in Halifax, 282.

Choquette, Ernest. French-Canadian novelist, 12 476-7.

Chouart. See Groseilliers.

Chown, Samuel Dwight (b. 1853). Secretary of Methodist social reform department, 11 340.

Chrétien, the superior of the Hospitallers. Attempts to found normal school at La Rochelle, 16 344;

  his financial imprudence, 345.

Christchurch Cathedral, Montreal. A specimen of English-Canadian architecture, 12 673.

Christian IV of Denmark (1577-1648). Fits out expedition in search of North-West Passage (1619), 1 157.

Christian Brothers. Invited from France, 16 421;

  settle in Montreal, 11 88;

  in Quebec, 97;

  at St Boniface, 139;

  in Ottawa, 69.

Christian Instruction, Institute of Brothers of, 16 435.

Christian Science. History of the movement, 11 394-6.

Christie, Alexander, governor of Assiniboia (1833-9). Pacifies the insulted Métis (1834), 19 53.

Christie, David (1818-80). Dominion secretary of state (1873-4), 6 64;

  president of Dominion Council of Agriculture, 7 666.

Christie, Gabriel (1722-99), British general. One of British pioneer settlers in Quebec, 15 122.

Christie, John, ensign. Surrenders Fort Presqu’Isle (1763), 3 64.

Christie, Napier. British general, 15 122.

Christie, Plenderleath. His benefactions, 5 347, 11 218.

Christie, Robert (1788-1856). Expelled from Lower Canada assembly, 4 479;

  his literary works, 12 497-8.

Christie, William J. Member of provisional council of the North-West, 19 198;

  arranges Indian treaties, 7 597.

Christieville, near St Johns. Agricultural school for Indians established at, 5 347.

Christinaux Lake. See Rainy Lake.

Christopher. Lost vessel of Drake’s expedition (1577), 21 16.

Chrystler’s Farm. Engagement fought at (1813), 3 249-50.

Church, Benjamin (1639-1718). Raids French settlements at Chignecto, 13 57-58, 62.

Church, Levi Ruggles (d. 1892). Attorney-general of Quebec, 15 180.

Church Missionary Society (Anglican). Its work in the West, 11 246.

Church of the Children of Peace. Founded by David Willson, 17 46-47.

Church Society (Anglican). Established in Quebec (1842), 11 220.

Churchill, Winston Leonard Spencer (b. 1874). Supports free trade, 9 212;

  his plan for inter-Dominion naturalization, 6 198.

Churchill. Vessel captured by French at Charlton Island, 1 180.

Churchill River. Hudson’s Bay Company expedition in (1688), 1 191-2;

  its length and drainage area, 9 23, 20 543, 1 195.

Chute, Roger C., of Toronto. Member of Oriental Immigration Commission of 1901, 21 266.

Chute à Blondeau Canal, 10 517.

Cibola. Toronto-Niagara steamboat, destroyed by fire (1895), 10 553.

Ciquard, François (1750-1824). French priest expelled by Haldimand, 11 32, 42.

Cistercians. Monasteries founded by, 11 79, 81, 90.

City Bank of Montreal. Founded (1832), 4 624;

  amends its charter, 5 278;

  amalgamates with Royal Canadian Bank, 10 638.

City of Midland. Steamer on Georgian Bay and Mackinac route, 10 555.

City of Montreal. Great Western Railway steamboat, 10 546.

City of Owen Sound. Steamer on Georgian Bay-Lake Superior route, 10 546.

City of Sydney. Steamer on Montreal and St John’s route, 10 562.

City of Toronto. Lake Ontario steamboat (1842), 10 537.

City of Winnipeg. Steamer on Georgian Bay-Lake Superior route, 10 546.

Civil Service Reform. The commission of 1907, 6 164-5.

Civil Service Rifles. Raised to repel Fenian raids, 7 407, 412.

Clanricarde, Ulick John de Burgh Canning, first Marquis of (1802-76), British postmaster-general. His scheme of provincial control of the post office, 5 387-8.

Clapp, William H. Canadian figure painter, 12 623.

Clarendon, George William Frederick Villiers, fourth Earl of (1800-70). Negotiates unratified convention with United States, 8 874.

Clark, Alexander. Conductor of Choir of St Louis de France, Montreal, 12 649.

Clark, Champ (b. 1850), United States statesman. And annexation of Canada, 6 183.

Clark, Dr Daniel. On Riel’s mental condition, 6 103.

Clark, Judson Freeman (b. 1870). Provincial forester of Ontario (1899-1905), 18 597.

Clark, Thomas, lieutenant-colonel 2nd Lincoln Militia. At battle of Beaver Dam, 3 243.

Clark, William (1770-1838), American explorer. His overland journey to Pacific, 4 658, 668, 8 849, 21 55;

  claims based on his discoveries, 8 843.

Clark, W. F. Editor Canada Farmer, 18 568, 571.

Clark, Sir William Mortimer (b. 1836). Opposes reciprocity, 6 180;

  lieutenant-governor of Ontario (1903-8), 17 190 n.

Clark, of Paris. His threshing-mill exhibit at Cobourg (1848), 18 563.

Clarke, Sir Alured (1745-1832), lieutenant-governor of Lower Canada (1791-6). Inaugurates Constitutional Act, 3 141;

  on racial elements in first assembly, 143;

  and assembly’s privileges, 4 474;

  and land grants (1792), 3 154.

Clarke, Charles Kirk (b. 1857). On Riel’s execution, 11 171.

Clarke, Henry James (d. 1889). Member of provisional council of North-West, 19 198;

  first attorney-general of Manitoba, 19 99, 107.

Clarke, Isaac Winslow (d. 1822). Commissary-general of Lower Canada, 15 148.

Clarke, Lawrence. Member of North-West Council, 19 203 and n.

Clarke, Richard (1737-1824). Anglican clergyman at Gagetown, N.B., 11 209.

Clarke, Thomas. Owner of township of Dumfries, 17 69.

Clarke, Dr, of Norfolk. Introduces first liquor prohibition bill in Ontario (1873), 17 141.

Clarke, Township of. Its original grantees, 17 44.

Claudet, F. G. Assayer in British Columbia (1859), 21 148 n.

Claus, Daniel (1765-1826), Indian agent. On projected Indian rising (1775), 3 100, 17 42.

Claus, William (1763-1826). Deputy superintendent-general of Indian Affairs, 4 722.

Clay, Green (1757-1826), American military officer. Moves to join Harrison at Fort Meigs, 3 238.

Clay, Henry (1777-1852), American statesman. Confident that Canada would be conquered (1812), 3 196;

  signatory to Treaty of Ghent, 8 771.

Clayoquot Sound, on west coast of Vancouver Island. Meares welcomed by Indians at, 21 36;

  Gray at, 38.

Claypole, H. Teacher in Craigflower School, Victoria, 22 405.

Clayton, John Middleton (1796-1856). American secretary of state, 5 238.

‘Clear Grits,’ 5 64.

Clearwater, or Little Athabaska, connecting Lake Methye with the Athabaska. Peter Pond on, 4 650-1.

Cleary, James Vincent (1828-98). Roman Catholic archbishop of Kingston (1889-98), 11 56.

Clement X (1590-1676), Pope. Establishes diocese of Quebec (October 1, 1674), 2 420.

Clement XIV (1705-74). His suppression of the Jesuits, 15 195 n.

Clement. Ship sent to La Tour’s assistance, 13 44.

Clench, Nora. Canadian musician, 12 651.

Cleopatra. One of first Liverpool-Quebec steamships, 10 604.

Clergy Reserves. Created under Constitutional Act, 3 133-4;

  Canada Company makes purchases of, 334, 4 515;

  assembly’s hostility to, 3 336-7;

  proposed abandonment of, by British government, 351;

  rectories created and endowed, 352;

  principle of colonial control admitted, 353;

  an impediment to progress, 381;

  Sydenham’s attitude to, 4 414-5;

  later history of controversy, 5 60-67, 11 225.

Clerke, Charles (1741-79), British navigator. Captain of Discovery in Captain Cook’s voyage of 1776-8, 21 24;

  commands after murder of Captain Cook, 29.

Cleveland, Grover (1837-1908), president of United States. His attitude on fisheries dispute, 9 158;

  and tariff reduction, 163-4.

Climate. See Physical Features.

Clinkskill, James. Member of first Territorial assembly, 19 223, 230, 231;

  joins executive, 240;

  and Haultain’s school policy, 241.

Clinton, George. Member of International Waterways Commission, 6 364, 8 838.

Clinton, Sir Henry (1738-95), British commander-in-chief in North America. Negotiates with Vermont for a change of allegiance, 3 115, 4 698.

Clinton.

  (1) Sufferings of loyalist refugees on board the, 13 236.

  (2) Lake Erie steamboat, 10 501.

  (3) Michigan Central Railway steamboat, 10 545.

Clinton-Colden Lake, north-east of Great Slave Lake. Discovered by Back (1833), 4 686.

Closse, Lambert (d. 1662). His heroism in defence of Montreal, 2 414, 15 30 and n., 31.

Cloutier, François Xavier (b. 1848). Roman Catholic bishop of Three Rivers, 11 108.

Clowes, Samuel. Surveys for Rideau Canal, 10 519;

  on Cornwall Canal, 513.

Clowey Lake. Hearne joined by Indian war-party at, 4 670-1.

Clut, Isidore (b. 1832). Vicar-apostolic of Athabaska-Mackenzie, 11 148, 149;

  his journey to the Yukon and Alaska (1872), 160;

  and a curious misrepresentation of Catholicism, 160.

Coal.

  General:

    lignite formations of Interior Plain, 9 47;

    of Cordilleran Region, 54, 57-58;

    influence of geological conditions on mining, 72, 73-74;

    expansion (1895-1910), 248-9;

    Canada’s place as a producer, 249.

  Nova Scotia:

    extent of deposits, 30-31, 14 393;

    mining in Cape Breton during French régime, 393;

    price of coals dug at Spanish River (1769), 13 230;

    in eighteenth century, 14 673-4;

    methods of operation and social conditions in beginning of nineteenth century, 674-5;

    operations of General Mining Association, 675-9;

    development in Richmond and Inverness counties, 679;

    mutual protection in industry, 679;

    effect of abrogation of reciprocity on exports to United States, 9 122;

    legislation, 14 680;

    technical education, 680;

    royalty, 475.

  New Brunswick:

    measures, 9 31;

    history of mining in province, 14 683-5.

  Saskatchewan: production in 1912, 20 326.

  Alberta:

    production and value (1912), 326;

    system of leasing, 326;

    formations, 597-8;

    statistics (1912, 1913), 598.

  British Columbia:

    discovery and early development, 21 89, 122-3, 22 559;

    areas and estimated content, 558;

    production and values, 572-3.

  Yukon:

    area of deposits and estimated content, 635;

    operations, 635.

  North-West Territories: 659-60;

    discovery of burning seams on Great Bear River, 4 678.

Coaling. Elder-Dempster liner, 10 616.

Coast Indians. Alexander Mackenzie’s description of, 4 655-7;

  raid Fort Selkirk, 5 311.

Cobalt. Discovery of silver at, 18 620;

  account of operations, 628-31;

  silver production and dividends earned (1904-11), 9 248, 17 220.

Cobourg. Upper Canada Academy founded at (1836), 18 361;

  its incorporation (1837), 425;

  Municipal Loan Fund indebtedness of, 5 176, 10 414, 17 140-1.

Cobourg. Lake Ontario steamboat, 10 499.

Cobourg Railway. Charter granted (1832), 10 370;

  construction delayed, 371;

  charter revived and scheme modified (1846), 372.

Coburn, Frederick Simpson. Black-and-white artist, 12 631.

Cocagne, Kent County. Origin of the name, 13 49.

Coccola, N. Missionary priest in British Columbia, 11 165.

Cochin, Father. Taken prisoner by Poundmaker, 11 170.

Cochran, George (d. 1901). Methodist missionary to Japan, 11 324.

Cochran, William (c. 1745-1833). Principal of King’s College, Nova Scotia, 13 242;

  first editor of Nova Scotia Magazine, 243.

Cochrane, Fitzgerald. Editor of Prince Albert Times, 19 164.

Cochrane, Francis C. (b. 1852). Minister of Lands of Ontario, 17 184, 216 n.;

  Dominion minister of Railways, 18 487.

Cochrane, Malcolm. Shipbuilder at Moncton, N.B., 10 585.

Cochrane, Matthew Henry (b. 1823). Importer of shorthorns, 9 118.

Cochrane, Robert, vice-admiral. In expedition of 1814 to United States coast, 13 258-9.

Cochrane, Thomas (1777-1804), puisne judge of Court of King’s Bench. Drowned in wreck of the Speedy, 10 492.

Cochrane, William (d. 1865), Anglican clergyman. His educational work at Red River, 11 228, 20 424;

  his toleration, 11 137.

Cock, Daniel (1717-1805). Member of first presbytery in Canada (1786), 11 259.

Cock, D. G. Presbyterian missionary to the Yukon, 11 294.

Cockburn, F., deputy quartermaster. Assists Talbot settlers, 17 74;

  member of Canada Company Commission, 3 334, 17 89;

  fears American settlement on the Rideau, 76-77.

Cockburn, Sir George (1772-1853), British admiral. His campaign against Washington, 3 269-70.

Cockburn, George R. R. (d. 1912). His conduct of Upper Canada College, 18 376-7.

Cockshutt, William Foster (b. 1855). Member of Niagara Power Commission of 1903, 18 477.

Cocquart, Claude Godefroy (1706-65), Jesuit. First minister to reach site of Winnipeg (1743), 11 118;

  on route taken by La Vérendrye brothers, 1 131-2;

  leader in an Acadian surrender, 13 115.

Coffin, Henry. Assists in defence of Canada (1775), 15 147.

Coffin, John (1751-1838). His duel with James Glenie, 13 174;

  raises regiment in War of 1812, 187;

  supervises New England Company, 5 348.

Coffin, John, merchant of Quebec. At defence of Quebec (1775), 3 91, 92.

Coffin, John, admiral. Assists in defence of Canada (1775), 15 147.

Coffin, Nathaniel, loyalist and ex-officer. Outlines township for John Craigie of Quebec (1792), 15 153.

Coffin, Thomas (1817-90). Receiver-general (1873-8), 6 64, 7 514.

Coffin, Sir Thomas Aston (d. 1810), secretary of Lower Canada. Assists in defence of Canada (1775), 15 147.

Coffin, Victor. On Murray’s partiality for Canadian noblesse, 15 129-30.

Coffin, Wm. C. His canal and railway projects, 10 377.

Coffin, William Foster (1808-78). His historical work, 1812: The War and its Moral, 12 502.

Cogan, Henry. Member of first legislative assembly of British Columbia, 21 180.

Coinage. See Currency and Banking.

Coit, Isaac. Non-loyalist American leader of Land Settlement Association, 15 151-2.

Colbert, Jacques Nicholas, coadjutor of Rouen. Consecrates Saint-Vallier bishop of Quebec, 2 425.

Colbert, Jean Baptiste (1619-83), minister of Marine and Colonies (1669-83). Sends dairy stock to New France, 7 654;

  suppresses municipal institutions, 15 287-8;

  his colonial and trade policy, 1 9, 208, 2 447, 458, 464-5, 476, 15 4-5;

  and free trade within the empire, 2 466;

  his policy modified by Talon, 470-1;

  and reciprocity with New England, 475;

  suppresses Company of New France, 537;

  his commission of inquiry, 459-60;

  forms West India Company, 343-4;

  sends out wives for settlers, 15 41;

  and ‘frenchification’ of Indians, 43;

  aims at concentration of settlement, 58-59.

Colborne, Sir John, first Baron Seaton (1778-1863), lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada (1828-35). His instructions, 3 338;

  and revision of King’s College charter, 340;

  regards education in United States as a danger, 340;

  on Strachan’s political zeal, 340-1;

  interested in Indians, 5 332, 333-4, 334-5;

  censured for Mackenzie’s expulsion, 3 345;

  and Family Compact, 348, 350-1;

  receives notice of recall, 351;

  his bitterness against Methodists, 18 360;

  and the common schools, 285;

  establishes crown rectories, 11 224, 269;

  defeats rebels at St Eustache, 3 363;

  his forces, 7 390;

  sketch of, 3 337.

Coldwell, George Robson (b. 1858). Minister of Education of Manitoba, 20 442.

Colebrooke, Sir William Macbean George (1787-1870). Lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick (1841-8), 13 204;

  cancellation of appointment made by, 205;

  on drawbacks of timber industry, 5 201-2.

Colgan, Thomas Patrick. Priest at Ottawa (1842), 11 55.

College Ste Anne, Church Point, N.S., 14 518.

Colleton, Sir Peter. One of the ‘Gentlemen Adventurers,’ 1 162;

  original member of Hudson’s Bay Company, 166.

Collier, Sir George (1738-95), British vice-admiral. His attack on Machias, 13 225;

  relieves Majebigwaduce, 226-7.

Collier, Hon. John. Charged with taking fees that were oppressive, 13 104-5.

Collins, Enos. His success in privateering, 13 253;

  one of founders of Halifax Banking Company, 269.

Collins, Francis (1801-34), editor of Canadian Freeman. Family Compact’s vindictiveness against, 3 338.

Collins, John. Surveys for loyalist settlements west of Cataraqui, 17 23.

Collinson, Sir John Richard (1811-83). Commands Franklin search expedition (1850-4), 5 301-2.

Collinson, Sir Richard (1811-83). His feat in navigation, 5 302-3.

Collver, Jabez (d. 1819). Organizes Presbyterian churches in Norfolk County (1793), 11 266.

Colnett, Captain. His visits to Nootka, 21 37;

  seizure of his vessel, 43.

Colonel Moody. Steamer constructed in British Columbia, 10 570.

Colonial Association. Urges tariff concessions to colonies (1842), 5 196.

Colonial Bank. Chartered (1856), 5 279;

  failure of (1859), 284, 280.

Colonial Church Society (Anglican). Aids work in British Columbia, 21 147-8.

Colonial Copper Company. Fails in attempt to develop copper-mines at Cape d’Or, 14 697.

Colquhoun, Arthur Hugh Urquhart (b. 1861), deputy minister of Education of Ontario. His educational policy, 18 335.

Columbia.

  (1) Trader on north-west coast, 21 37-38, 42.

  (2) Hudson’s Bay Company barque, 21 104.

  (3) One of first Cunard steamships, 10 597;

  wrecked on Sable Island, 598.

Columbia and Western Railway. Provincial grants in aid of, 22 365-6.

Columbia Lake, Upper, source of Columbia River. Reached by David Thompson, 4 666.

Columbia River. David Thompson’s explorations on, 4 666-9;

  statement of United States claim to, 8 858-9 and n.

Columbian College, New Westminster (Methodist), 11 337.

Columbian Company. Sends emigrants to South America, who finally settle in Guelph, 17 91.

Columbus, Christopher (c. 1446-1506), discoverer. His reception in Spain after discovery of New World, 1 17-18.

Columbus. Value of wireless demonstrated at wreck of (1909), 10 609-10.

Colvile, Andrew, Selkirk’s executor. On the Red River enterprise, 19 46.

Colvile, Jean, wife of Lord Selkirk. Her interest in Red River Settlement, 19 17.

Colville, Lord. Commands squadron in St Lawrence (1760), 1 310;

  extract from his journal, 311.

Comet. Steamboat on Toronto-Montreal route (1852), 10 541.

Comingoe, Bruin Romcas (1724-1820). Ordained to Dutch Reformed Church at Lunenburg (1770), 11 259.

Commerce (afterwards Eclipse). Lake Ontario steamboat (1842), 10 538.

Commercial Bank of Midland District. Founded (1831), 4 625;

  increases its capital, 628, 5 278;

  allows interest on deposits, 4 630;

  claims government assistance, 633, 635;

  amended charter disallowed, 5 269;

  causes leading to suspension (1867), 288, 290-1;

  absorbed by Merchants Bank of Montreal, 291, 10 637.

Commercial Bank of New Brunswick. Chartered (1834), 10 628.

Commercial Union. See Reciprocity.

Commissary. War vessel on Lake Champlain, 10 487.

Commodore. War vessel on Lake Ontario, 10 494.

Commodore Barry. Steamer on upper St Lawrence, 10 499.

Compagnie des Habitans. Takes over trading monopoly of Hundred Associates, 2 326-7;

  first employs brandy as an article of exchange, 456-7.

Compagnies detachées de la Marine (Louisbourg). Lax discipline of, 1 207-8.

Company of Acadia. Carries on the fur trade, 13 60.

Company of de Caën. Formed by William de Caën and his nephew Emery, 2 319, 451, 15 20;

  monopoly cancelled, 2 327.

Company of de Monts. Formed (1603), 2 317;

  hostile to missions and Indian colonization (1616), 2 389;

  trading monopoly cancelled, 317.

Company of Montmorency. Formed by amalgamation of Companies of de Monts and de Caën, 2 319, 390-1;

  trading monopoly cancelled (1622), 319;

  suppressed, 399.

Company of New France (Compagnie des Cent Associés). Founded by Richelieu in 1627, 2 321, 399, 453, 15 21;

  its duties and privileges, 2 322-4, 399, 453-4, 536, 15 23-26;

  its capital and directorate, 2 454, 15 21 n.;

  its representative character, 23;

  noblemen who entered company to retain social rank, 25;

  the policy of Huguenot exclusion, 25-26;

  ships of first expedition captured, 2 324, 454, 15 21;

  seigniories granted by, 2 325-6, 536, 15 27-28;

  transfers trading monopoly to Compagnie des Habitans, 2 326-7, 456;

  conditions of transfer, 456;

  charter withdrawn (1663), 327, 338, 459, 15 33;

  fails in colonizing, 2 537;

  its losses, 456.

Company of Notre Dame de Montreal. Land grants to (1640), 2 326, 455;

  make over Island of Montreal to Sulpicians (1663), 415.

  See Montreal.

Company of Rouen and St Malo (Champlain’s Company). Established (1613), 2 318, 450, 451;

  opposed to colonization and missionary enterprise, 318-9, 389;

  absorbed by Company of de Caën, 319, 15 20.

‘Company of the Merchants of London, Discoverers of the North-West Passage.’ See Hudson’s Bay Company.

Company of the North (founded 1682). Seizes English ship in Hudson Strait, 1 176;

  attempts to drive British from Hudson Bay, 8 880-1;

  its decline, 1 182, 189;

  its claim under Treaty of Ryswick, 8 885.

Company of the West (Company of Louisiana or the Mississippi Bubble, or Company of the Indies). Takes over trading monopoly (1717), 2 492, 507;

  terms of its charter, 501, 508;

  name changed to Company of the Indies (1719), 508;

  controls beaver monopoly till after Conquest, 508;

  issues copper coinage for colonies, 515;

  and bills of exchange, 521;

  develops ginseng trade, 514-5.

Company of the West Indies. Charter granted to (1664), 2 343, 465, 538;

  its duties, obligations, and powers, 343-4, 465-6;

  prevented from shipping old men and women to the colony, 15 37;

  failure and revocation of grant, 2 344, 347, 467, 474;

  compensation awarded to, 467;

  condemned by Talon, 470-1.

Comte, B. Signs Quebec traders’ petition (1764), 15 134.

Conacher, John. Engraver, 12 631.

Conciliation Act, Labour (1900), 9 341-2.

Condé, Henri de Bourbon, Prince de (1588-1646). Lieutenant-general of New France (1612-20), 1 48, 2 318;

  transfers his privileges, 319, 390.

Confederates. Organize raids from Canada, 7 406.

Confederation.

  Special Article: Federation: General Outlines (1867-1912), 6 3-11.

  Failure of the Union, 5 147-55;

  Elgin on its constitutional difficulties, 151-2;

  sources of the movement, 93-94;

  Galt’s motion, 94;

  influence of events in United States and of breakdown of party government, 95-96;

  legislative union favoured by Macdonald and home government, 153;

  conferences of party leaders (1864), 96-97;

  union of parties, 97-99;

  request to adopt title ‘Kingdom of Canada’ refused, 161;

  extract from Quebec resolutions (1864), 7 507-8;

  division of federal and provincial functions, 5 153;

  residue of power left with federal authority, 154-5;

  Monck’s proposal regarding bills dealing with education, religion, or trade, 155;

  a daring experiment, 14 384-5;

  attractive power of Dominion parliament, 388;

  position of lieutenant-governor subsequent to, 418;

  composition of first ministry under, 6 22.

  See also Federal Constitution under Government.

Confiance. British war vessel on Lake Erie, 10 494;

  its masts supplied by American contractors, 3 262-3;

  at Plattsburg, 264, 265, 267.

Conflans, Hubert de Brienne- (1690-1777). Defeated at Quiberon Bay, 1 281.

Conge-ca-tha-wha-chaga River. Hearne encounters Copper Indians at, 4 671.

Congregationalism. Its principles, 11 379;

  the relationship between religious independency and political democracy, 380;

  in Nova Scotia, 381;

  in Quebec, 381-2;

  Zion Church, Montreal, 382;

  in Ontario and the West, 382-3;

  Congregational Union formed, 383;

  its missionary work, 383.

Connaught, H.R.H. Arthur William Patrick Albert, Duke of (b. 1850), governor-general of Canada (1911-6). On wisdom of British colonial policy, 14 442.

Connell, Charles. Surveyor-general of New Brunswick, 14 415.

Connolly, Amelia. Wife of Sir James Douglas, 21 99.

Connolly, John. His appointment to Indian department cancelled, 4 722.

Connolly, Louis Thomas (1815-76). Roman Catholic archbishop of Halifax (1859-76), 11 78, 82;

  on sacrifices made by the priesthood, 72.

Connolly, William. Hudson’s Bay Company agent in New Caledonia, 21 69;

  father-in-law of Governor Douglas, 99.

Connolly and Larkin. Complete graving-dock at Esquimalt, 21 211.

Connolly Lake, British Columbia. Hudson’s Bay Company’s station, 21 127 n.

Connor, James. Methodist mission teacher in Alberta, 20 479.

Connor, Lieutenant. Commander at Fort Hughes, 13 139;

  conveys tidings of surrender of Yorktown, 139.

Conroy, bishop of Armagh. Inquires into Quebec university dispute, 11 105.

Consolidated Bank. Incorporates other banks, 10 638;

  wound up, 638.

Constitution (American frigate). Captures two British ships, 3 216, 13 257.

Constitutional Act (or Canada Act). Passed (1791), 2 588;

    its provisions, 588, 3 129-38;

    Pitt’s defence of, 4 547-8;

    boundaries under, 3 132-3, 134-5, 8 893-5;

    attempt to found colonial aristocracy and its failure, 3 130, 133, 137, 4 465;

    clergy reserves, 3 133-4;

    land tenure, 134;

    division of provinces complicates interprovincial relations, 136-7;

    its effect on French Canada, 138;

    spheres of legislative authority, 4 442, 443;

    legislative authority, in whom vested, 463;

    legislative restrictions, 464;

    legislative procedure modelled on Great Britain, 482-3;

    conflict of legislative and executive authorities, 485-6;

    suspension of constitution and vesting of legislative authority in special council, 486-7;

    changes in, under Union, 487;

    composition and powers of special council, 486-7;

    its economic results, 547-9;

    racial conflict under, 548-9;

    aids in promotion of loyalty in Lower Canada, 15 101;

    causes of its failure, 168.

  Crown and Imperial Parliament under:

    ecclesiastical supremacy of crown, 4 439-41;

    exercise of prerogative appropriating crown revenue, 441-2;

    hereditary and territorial revenues, 484;

    spheres of legislative authority, 442-3;

    imperial legislation on matters of local concern, 444.

  Governor and lieutenant-governor under:

    their position and powers, 444-52;

    conflicts of authority, 445-8;

    governor’s right of forcing dissolution and its exercise 448-50;

    degradation of prerogative of dissolution, 450;

    administration in absence of governor, 451-2.

  Executive Councils:

    composition and powers, 452-3;

    relations to legislature and judiciary, 453-4;

    connection between executive and legislative councils, 454;

    difficulty of breaking connection with the bench, 462-3;

    crown expresses intention not to appoint judges to either council, 463.

  Legislative Councils:

    difficulty of breaking connection with the bench, 462-3;

    crown expresses intention not to appoint judges to either council, 463;

    powers and duties, 463-8;

    membership and tenure of office, 464;

    hereditary titles of honour confer right of membership, 464;

    voting power of speaker, 464-5;

    their degradation, 465;

    unresponsive to public opinion, 466;

    proposed reform in Lower Canada, 466-7;

    anomalous position, 467-8;

    composition at Union, 487.

  Legislative Assemblies:

    composition, 3 133-4;

    membership and electoral districts, 4 468-9;

    qualifications of electors and conditions as regards naturalization, 469-70;

    qualification for membership and the eligibility of judges, 3 164, 184, 4 462, 470;

    payment of members, 470-1;

    speakership, 471-3;

    speaker becomes leader of majority, 473;

    other officers, 473;

    rights, immunities, and privileges, 473-5;

    claim all privileges of British House of Commons, 474-5;

    exercise control over questions relating to own constitution, 476-7;

    claim privilege of determining qualifications of members, 477-8;

    privileges supported by powers to enforce them, 478-9;

    checks on power of expulsion, 479;

    right of impeachment denied by legislative council, 480;

    procedure, 482-3;

    and money bills, 483;

    members and their qualifications, etc., at Union, 487;

    power of amending constitution claimed in Lower Canada, 443.

Constitutional Development.

  Special Articles:

    Constitutional History (1763-1840), 4 421-88;

    Constitutional Development (1840-67), 5 105-62.

  Under Treaty of Paris and Quebec Act (1763-91), 4 421-38;

  the position in 1763, 421-2;

  sources of constitution, 423-4;

  boards of departments successively responsible for colonial government, 424-5;

  relations with crown and imperial parliament, 424-7;

  supremacy of crown in appointment of governor and colonial officers, in administration, in legislation, in ecclesiastical affairs, and in defence, 425-6;

  Declaration Act of 1778, 427;

  military government, 427-9;

  civil government established, 429;

  powers and duties of governor, 430-3;

  the council, 433-6 (see under Constitutional Act);

  Durham’s report, 5 105-7;

  need for readjustment of British theory of colonial autonomy, 28-29;

  reasons for withholding full autonomy, 29, 47-48;

  immature condition of Canadian politics, 29-30;

  constitutional problem at Union similar to that in Great Britain in 1688, 105-7;

  responsible government practical solution of crisis of 1837, 4 417-8;

  powers of governor under Union, 5 106;

  constitution not wholly British, 4 422.

  Under Sydenham:

    harmony between executive and legislature aimed at, 5 108;

    custom of the constitution, 107;

    councillors made heads of departments, 108;

    governor-general’s office magnified, 108-9;

    combines in himself offices of governor and prime minister, 110;

    attempt to restrict power of self-government, 110.

  Under Bagot:

    Stanley’s instructions, 110-1;

    misgivings of home authorities on overtures to French, 111;

    effect of governor’s failing health on constitutional practice, 112-3.

  Under Metcalfe:

    Metcalfe on effect of Sydenham’s concessions, 114;

    dangers of control of executive by legislature, 114-5;

    assumption of rôle of patriot governor, 115-6;

    a conflict on patronage and reservation of bills, 116-7;

    governor’s successful appeal to electorate, 117;

    statements of governor and council, 118.

  Under Elgin:

    division of British opinion on responsible government, 119;

    Elgin’s practical solution of constitutional difficulties, 119-20;

    inaugurates party government, 120-1;

    self-government not incompatible with imperial government, 122;

    governorship brought within limits of constitution, 123;

    Elgin on usefulness and dignity of constitutional governor, 123-4;

    governor accepts responsibility in treatment of bills, 125-6, 127;

    the function of constitutional governor in safeguarding home authorities from colonial resentment, 126;

    governor begins to absent himself from meetings of executive, 127.

  After Elgin:

    validity of decisions in absence of governor questioned, 127-8;

    Sir Edmund Head on practice of governor absenting himself from the meetings of the cabinet, 128-9;

    governor as constitutional sovereign, 129;

    practice of constitution, 130;

    proposal to separate executive and legislative functions, 130;

    extension of Canada’s powers, 131-5;

    control of civil list conceded, 131-2;

    use of French as an official language, 133;

    colonial control over tariff, 133-4;

    number of bills reserved and number withheld from royal assent (1836-46), 135;

    evolution of responsible government under Union, 99-101.

  See also

    Constitutional Act;

    Federal Constitution under Government.

Cook, Captain James (1728-79), British navigator. Guides Wolfe’s expedition in St Lawrence, 1 280, 21 24;

  surveys Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, 24;

  sent to discover North-West Passage, 24;

  his instructions, 25;

  discovers Nootka Sound, 26;

  his reception by natives, 27-28;

  surveys coast, 8 847, 21 28;

  attempts to locate North-West Passage, 28-29;

  effect of his voyage on fur trade, 242;

  murder of, 29.

Cook, John (b. 1836). Member of Protestant committee of Council of Public Instruction, Quebec, 16 491.

Cook, Joseph. Schoolmaster at Red River (1833), 20 425.

Cook Lake, Hoar Frost River. Surveyed by Captain Back, 4 686.

Cook, M. Holstein cattle imported by, 7 658.

Cooke, Samuel (d. 1795). Anglican clergyman in New Brunswick (1785), 11 209.

Cooke, Thomas (1792-1870). Roman Catholic bishop of Three Rivers (1852-70), 11 108.

Cooley, Ebenezer. A grantee of township of Murray, 17 44.

Coolidge, Thomas Jefferson (b. 1831). United States representative on Joint High Commission, 6 135.

Cooney, Robert. Describes Miramichi conflagration, 13 197;

  on the forest as a perishable resource, 14 616.

Cooper, James. Trader crushed out by Hudson’s Bay Company, 21 83;

  member of council of Vancouver Island, 97;

  first harbour master of British Columbia, 147;

  sketch of, 104.

Cooper, Lieutenant-Colonel. Superintendent of Indian department, Lower Canada, 4 723.

Cooper. Conducts school at York (1798), 18 279.

Copper Indians. Their meetings with Hearne and Alexander Mackenzie, 4 671, 673.

Copper Mountains. Copper deposits of, 22 656-7.

Coppermine River. Hearne’s journey on, 4 669-73;

  Franklin on, 680-1;

  descended by Simpson and Dease, 689;

  total length and drainage area, 22 642;

  copper deposits of, 656.

Copyright. Paramountcy of imperial parliament in legislation on, 6 222.

Coquihalla River. Simon Fraser at mouth of, 4 663.

Corbeil, Father. On coureurs de bois, 15 70.

Corbett, G. O. His arrest and forcible release, 19 59-60, 64.

Corinthian.

  (1) Canadian Navigation Company’s steamboat, 10 539.

  (2) Allan liner, 10 607.

Corlaer (Schenectady). Dutch establish trading-post at, 2 451 n.

Cormick, W. D. Secretary of first fair at New Westminster, 22 538.

Cormie, J. A. Organizes schools among Galicians, 11 292.

Cormorant, H.M.S. At Victoria, 21 90.

Corn Laws, British. Provisions of act abolishing, 5 214-5;

  effect of abolition in Canada, 216-24.

Cornell, Joseph. Baptist pioneer of Bastard, Leeds County, 11 361.

Corning, Erastus. Director in Great Western Railway, 10 395.

Cornwall, Clement Francis. Member of council of British Columbia, 21 176;

  lieutenant-governor (1881-7), 205, 209.

Cornwall Canal. Its construction, 10 512-3.

Cornwall, Township of. Settled by loyalist Scottish Presbyterians, 17 25;

  its incorporation, 18 424.

Cornwallis, Edward (b. 1712), governor of Nova Scotia (1749-52). As soldier and city builder, 13 81, 82;

  his commission, 14 437-40;

  disregards his instructions, 440;

  and the Acadians, 13 93.

Cornwallis Land. Explored by Penny and Ross, 5 303.

Cornwallis, N.S. Raided by privateers, 13 219.

Corona. Toronto-Niagara steamboat, 10 553.

Coronation Gulf, in north-east angle of Mackenzie district, N.W.T. Richardson at, 4 684.

Corsican.

  (1) Canadian Navigation Company’s steamboat, 10 539.

  (2) Allan liner, 10 607.

Corte Real, Gaspar, Portuguese navigator. Explores Greenland, 1 23;

  fate of his second expedition, 24.

Corte Real, João, 1 23.

Corte Real, Miguel, 1 23;

  disastrous voyage of, 24-25.

Corte Real, Vaasqueanes. Refused permission to organize search for his brothers, 1 25.

Cortes, Hernando. Establishes base at Tehuantepec, 21 14;

  his territorial claims, 14.

Corunna. Lakes freighter, 10 557.

Corwin. United States cruiser, makes seizures of Canadian sealers, 8 723-4.

Cossit, Ranna. Anglican clergyman in Cape Breton (1786), 11 206.

Coste, Louis. Member of International Waterways Commission, 6 363, 8 838.

Costebelle, Philippe de (d. 1717), first governor at Louisbourg. Advises giving no offence to England, 1 208;

  and trade with New England, 209.

Costello, J. W. First public school teacher at Calgary, 20 484.

Côté, H. A. Member of Half-breed Scrip Commission (1900), 11 184.

Coté, Thomas. Canadian secretary of International Waterways Commission, 6 364.

Côte d’Abraham. Stubborn defence of French Canadians at, 1 304.

Coteau du Lac. Interprovincial custom-house at, 4 506, 550.

Cotes, Mrs Everard (Sara Jeannette Duncan). Her literary work, 12 564.

Cotterel, T. On most economical method of obtaining frame of ship, 14 614.

Cotton. See Manufactures.

Cottonwood River Cañon, Fraser River. Simon Fraser’s descent of, 4 658.

Coues, Elliott. On David Thompson, 4 664.

Couillard, André. Compiles manual of the lectures at Jesuit College, 16 370.

Couillard, Guillaume (d. 1663). Marries a daughter of Louis Hébert, 2 393, 15 19;

  extent of his holding, 16 506;

  remains after English conquest, 15 22.

Coulonge. Châtellenie of, granted to Louis d’Ailleboust (1685), 2 569.

County of Pictou. Vessel built at Pictou, 10 583.

Courcel, Alphonse de. Presides over Bering Sea arbitration, 8 726.

Courcelle, Daniel de Rémy, Sieur de. Governor of New France (1665-72), 1 89, 2 346 n.;

  and fort at outlet of Lake Ontario, 349;

  subdues the Iroquois, 15 35.

Coureurs de bois. Encouragement given to, 2 330-1;

  loyal to French interest, 356, 373, 15 71;

  desertions from regular troops to, 2 371;

  conduct of a serious problem, 472;

  prohibitions against, 15 71;

  their increasing numbers, 2 473;

  numbers in 1679, 484;

  outlawed, 473;

  amnesties to, 473, 484, 490, 15 71;

  conduct of declared intolerable, 2 484;

  trade with English, 487;

  official connivance in their trade, 15 71;

  enforcement of laws against causes reduction in trade, 2 494;

  attractions of the life, 505;

  seigneurs take to the woods, 15 53, 87;

  in Acadia, 13 55;

  characteristics of, 15 69-70;

  Parkman’s description of, 72;

  their successors, 72-78;

  pioneers in Western States, 77;

  number settled in West in 1778, 79.

Courtemanche. His fishing and trading privileges (1702), 8 915.

Courtin, Monsieur. Missionary to Indians, 13 308.

Courtney, Frederick (b. 1837). Anglican bishop of Nova Scotia (1888-1904), 11 208.

Courtney, John Mortimer (b. 1858). Member of Civil Service Commission (1907), 6 163.

Courts. See Judicial Systems.

Coutlée, Sister. One of first Grey Nuns to teach at St Boniface, 20 420.

Couture, Guillaume (d. 1702). Tortured by Iroquois, 15 31;

  said to have reached Hudson Bay, 8 882.

Couves, A. One of fathers of Confederation in British Columbia, 21 171 n.

Covington, Mrs Pioneer woman settler at Victoria, 21 120 n.

Cowichan. Pacific coast steamer, 10 573.

Cowichan, Vancouver Island. Education of Indians at, 5 348.

Cowley, Abraham. His missionary work in Manitoba, 11 228, 20 425.

Cowper, George (d. 1861), colonel. Member of Durham’s special council, 4 395.

Cox, H. C. A guarantor of Toronto Symphony Orchestra, 12 647.

Crabtree, A. Greene. His depredations on the St John, 13 137, 138.

Craig, Sir James Henry (1748-1812), governor-in-chief of Canada (1807-11). His action against Le Canadien, 3 161-2;

  prorogues parliament, 162;

  his conflict with assembly, 162-4, 4 476;

  his policy, 3 165-6;

  misreads French-Canadian character, 166-7;

  his exercise of prerogative, 4 449-50;

  and American feeling as to war, 3 195;

  constructs ‘Craig’s Road,’ 15 152;

  and Bishop Plessis, 11 38;

  resignation of, 3 164-5;

  sketch of, 159.

Craig, Thomas D. His advice on Intercolonial Railway, 10 466.

Craig, William, of Port Hope. First president of Baptist Church Edifice Society, 11 367.

Craigg, J. A. One of fathers of Confederation in British Columbia, 21 171 n.

Cramahé, Hector Theophilus (d. 1789). Sent to England, 3 34;

  on traders’ petition, 41-42;

  takes precautions against American invasion, 85, 4 432, 433, 493.

Cramahe, Township of. Its original grantees, 17 44.

Cramp, J. M. (1796-1881). President of Montreal Baptist College, 11 365;

  president of Acadia College, 357;

  his contribution to journalism, 365.

Crandall, Joseph (d. 1858). Pioneer Baptist in New Brunswick, 11 353;

  daily allowance paid to, 354.

Crandall, Reuben. Founder of Haldimand Church, Northumberland County, 11 360.

Crane, William. Delegate from New Brunswick to England, 14 484;

  and a mail steamship service, 5 365.

Crane, W. H. Member of Holman Opera Company, Montreal (1871), 12 656.

Craven, William Craven, Earl of (1609-97). One of the ‘Gentlemen Adventurers,’ 1 162;

  original member of Hudson’s Bay Company, 166.

Crawford, Isabella Valancy (1850-87). Canadian poet, 12 585-7.

Crawford, John Willoughby (d. 1875), lieutenant-governor of Ontario (1873-5), 17 190 n.

Crawley, Edmund Albern (1799-1880). First president of Acadia College, 11 356, 13 288;

  his non-appointment to Dalhousie College, 14 517.

Crease, Sir Henry Pering Pellew (d. 1905). First practising barrister in British Columbia, 22 394;

  attorney-general, 21 166 and n.;

  first puisne judge, 22 392.

Credge, C. H. Anglican chaplain at Victoria, 11 232.

Credit River. Mississaga settlement on, 5 333.

Credit Valley Railway. Municipal contributions to, 10 428.

Creelman, George Christie (b. 1869). President of Ontario Agricultural College, 18 572.

Crees. Prevented from trading with French, 1 75;

  their territory, 78, 11 115, 20 286;

  welcome Radisson, 1 79;

  visited by La Vérendryes, 120;

  councils held by, 136;

  Alexander Henry’s visit to, 4 644-5;

  and Campbell’s expedition of 1843, 5 309-10;

  encountered by Milton and Cheadle, 324-5;

  cessions of territory by, 7 597, 598.

Creighton, David (b. 1843). Obstructs Ontario Education Bill of 1876, 17 153.

Creighton, George. One of fathers of Confederation in British Columbia, 21 171.

Crémazie, Octave (1827-79), poet-bookseller. Father of French-Canadian poetry, 12 461-2;

  estimate of his work, 462-3.

Crépieul, François de (1638-1702). Father-prefect of Jesuit College, 16 366.

Crescent. Steamer on Montreal-Quebec route, 10 541.

Crespi, Father. Describes Haida Indians, 21 20.

Cresswell, William N. (1822-88). Canadian artist, 12 608.

Crevier, curé. Founds Monnoir College (1853), 16 432.

Crevier, Dame. Donates Abnakis reserve of St Francis, 4 717.

Crickmer. Anglican clergyman appointed to British Columbia, 21 147-8.

Cridge, Edward (1817-1913), bishop of Reformed Episcopal Church. Arrives at Victoria, 22 402;

  conditions of his engagement, 402-3;

  reports on public schools, 404-7;

  tried for ecclesiastical offences, 21 107;

  joins Reformed Episcopal Church, 107;

  sketch of, 106-8.

Cridge, Mrs (née Mary Winnelle). Organizes first Sunday School in British Columbia, 22 403.

Crimean War. Its effect on Canadian trade, 5 188;

  neutralization of territory on Pacific during, 8 929, 21 109;

  agreement violated by Russia, 8 929 and n.

Crinnon, Peter Francis (1838-82). Roman Catholic bishop of Hamilton (1874-82), 11 64.

Crocker, Charles (1822-88). And construction of Vancouver Island railway, 21 211.

Crocket, William (b. 1832). Normal school principal and superintendent of Education, New Brunswick, 14 551, 552, 554, 556.

Croft, Henry Holmes. First professor of chemistry in King’s College, Toronto, 18 364;

  sets Bishop Strachan’s lawn sleeves on fire, 364;

  and Baldwin’s university bill of 1843, 368, 372-3, 389.

Crofton, Major. Sent to Red River during Oregon dispute, 19 56.

Croghan, George (1791-1849). Repulses British attack on Fort Stephenson, 3 238-9;

  defeated at Michilimackinac, 253.

Croke, Sir Alexander (1758-1842), judge of vice-admiralty. Favours religious test, 13 262;

  owner of Studley, 264.

Crolo, Catherine. Sister of Notre Dame, Montreal, 2 414, 16 355.

Cronyn, Benjamin (1802-71). First Anglican bishop of Huron (1857-71), 11 224, 225.

Crooks, Adam (1827-85). Defeated in Ontario elections of 1867, 17 110;

  attorney-general, 129, 196 n.;

  provincial treasurer, 137, 210 n.;

  passes the Crooks Act, 149;

  minister of Education, 220 n.;

  his educational policy, 18 319-21, 325-6, 327;

  and bilingual schools, 323;

  organizes Ontario School of Art, 12 635;

  retirement of, 17 164.

Crooks, Francis. Builder of the York, 10 491.

Cross, Charles Wilson (b. 1872). Attorney-general of Alberta, 19 275.

Crossen, James. One of fathers of Confederation in British Columbia, 21 171 n.

Crow Indians (probably Beaux Hommes), 1 127.

Crow, Robert. His expedition in search of North-West Passage (1737), 1 196.

Crowell, Thomas. Free Baptist pioneer in Nova Scotia, 11 355.

Crowfoot, Indian chief. Negotiates the Blackfeet treaty (1877), 20 291, 19 209.

Crowley, Father. Priest in Upper Canada, 11 48, 49;

  ministers to Irish immigrants, 17 85.

Crown Point, at west side of Lake Champlain. Fort built at, 2 502;

  Johnson’s attack on, 13 89;

  destroyed by Bourlamaque, 1 274;

  captured by Seth Warner, 3 80;

  Arnold and Sullivan at, 97.

Crowne, William. Partner with La Tour, 13 51.

Crozier, Francis Rawdon Moira (c. 1796-1848). Assumes command of Franklin expedition after death of leader, 5 296.

Cruikshank, William (b. 1848). Canadian artist, 12 611-2, 630.

Crymes, John. Captures American privateer (1782), 13 223.

Cullen, C. E. Immigration agent of North-West Territories, 19 236.

Cullen, Maurice B. (b. 1866). His Newfoundland landscapes and winter scenes, 12 620.

Cumberland, Ernest Augustus, Duke of (1771-1851). And Talbot’s application for a grant in Canada, 17 60.

Cumberland, William Augustus, Duke of (1721-65). At Closter-Seven (1757), 1 254.

Cumberland. Steamer on Georgian Bay-Lake Superior route, 10 546.

Cumberland Coal and Railway Company. Involved in labour disputes, 14 683.

Cumberland House. Hudson’s Bay Company post on Sturgeon Lake. Built by Samuel Hearne (1774), 4 646;

  explorers at, 649, 650, 679.

‘Cumberland Rebels.’ Send delegates to Congress, 13 217;

  defeated at Fort Cumberland, 218;

  their trial and execution, 218.

Cumming, Melville (b. 1876). Principal of Truro Agricultural College, 14 534.

Cummings, Samuel. Visits the St John as loyalist agent, 13 142, 143.

Cunard (or Cuenod), Abraham. Father of Sir Samuel Cunard, 13 287.

Cunard, Henry. Interested in construction of Royal William, 10 592.

Cunard, Joseph. Interested in construction of Royal William, 10 592.

Cunard, Sir Samuel (1786-1865), shipowner. Interested in whaling industry, 13 270;

  saw-miller and shipbuilder, 10 585;

  a promoter of Halifax Banking Company and Shubenacadie Canal project, 10 532, 13 269;

  interested in the Royal William, 592;

  secures mail contract between Liverpool and Halifax, 5 365, 10 596-7;

  first Cunarders, 598;

  his reception at Boston, 598;

  discontinues Halifax as port of call, 600 and n.;

  and Prince Edward land question, 13 366;

  sketch and characteristics, 10 595-6, 13 287.

Cunard Line. Its first vessels and their first voyages, 10 597-8;

  beginning of weekly service, 599;

  evolution in ship construction, 599, 601;

  averse from risks of experiment, 599-600, 601;

  ceases to make Halifax a port of call, 600;

  its fleet, 600-2;

  its agreement with British government, 601-2;

  immunity from accident of, 5 403.

Curateau de la Blaiserie (1729-90), Sulpician. Opens a Latin school at Longue-Pointe, 16 405.

Curle, J. H. Criticizes gold-fields administration in the Yukon, 22 610.

Curley, ‘General’ Thomas. Fenian leader taken prisoner at Pembina, 19 102.

Currency and Banking.

  Special articles:

    Currency and Banking, (1760-1841) 4 599-636, (1840-67) 5 261-92;

    Banking System of Canada, 10 627-60.

  New France:

    Regulations on currency and exchange, 2 478-80;

    difference of money values between France and Canada, 478-80;

    difference abolished, 499;

    wheat made legal tender, 479-80;

    special colonial currency (1670), 480;

    Spanish silver currency and its influence in illicit trading, 485-6;

    ordinances on foreign currency (1681, 1683), 485, 486;

    issues of card money, 495-9, 516-21;

    depreciation of card money, 497, 522-4;

    its redemption, 499;

    use of playing cards as card money, 516;

    change in coin values (1689), 497-8;

    outstanding currency (1713), 498;

    final stage of paper money, 515-24;

    reorganization of coinage of France, 515;

    issue of bons, 516;

    and of ordonnances, 517 and n., 518-20;

    Murray’s estimate of outstanding paper currency, 523;

    efforts at redemption and final discounting of paper money, 523-4.

  British régime:

    financial situation after the Conquest, 4 599-600;

    protests against use of French paper money, 15 132;

    experiments in mediums of exchange—currency standards and ratings, 4 600-4;

    demoralization of silver currency, 603;

    first attempts to establish banks, 604-6;

    War of 1812 and finance, 606-8;

    origin of great chartered banks, 608-15;

    British government and currency reform, 616-20;

    paper currency, 620-3;

    a plethora of banks, 624-6;

    government regulation of banks, 626-8;

    joint stock bank projects, 629-32;

    commercial crisis of 1837-8, 632-6;

    lack of currency in Nova Scotia, 13 269;

    banks established, 269;

    lack of currency in Prince Edward Island, 360;

    Sydenham and Canadian banking, 5 261-4;

    proposed provincial bank of issue, 261, 263;

    new features in bank charters, 264;

    currency standards, 264-8;

    values of coins fixed by act of 1841, 267;

    circulation of spurious copper coins, 268;

    adverse conditions of exchange, 269;

    note-issuing privileges, 269-74;

    Peel’s Bank Act of 1844 as applied to Canada, 269-70;

    Savings Banks Regulation Act (1841), 270;

    issue of provincial debentures, 270-1;

    Hincks’s ten resolutions, 271-2;

    the Free Banking Act, 272-3;

    decimal currency, 274-6;

    changes in currency ratings, 274;

    introduction of decimal currency opposed by British Treasury, 275-6;

    first shipment of decimal coinage, 276;

    banks and speculation, 277-83;

    financial crisis of 1857, 279-82;

    banks and railway speculation, 277, 288-90;

    burglaries in rural districts cause increase in deposit accounts, 279;

    attempt to compel banks to accept notes at par at any branch, 279;

    laxity in bank chartering, 280, 283;

    bank statistics (1850, 1856), 281;

    long credits, 282;

    proposed irredeemable paper currency, 282;

    Galt and Canadian banking, 283-8;

    banks and Canadian silver, 286;

    notable bank failures, 289-91;

    banks of Maritime Provinces, 10 628;

    movement for adoption of American system, 627-30;

    Bank Act of 1871 and its decennial revisions, 633-5, 640-2, 643-5, 645-6;

    increases in bank capital (1869-74), 635;

    discounts and deposits (1874), 636;

    commercial failures of 1875, 636;

    new banks established, 637-9;

    suspensions and failures, 639;

    proposed banking reforms, 640-1;

    notes made first charge on bank’s securities, 9 116, 10 640-2;

    a series of failures, 642-3;

    ‘Bank Circulation Redemption Fund,’ 645;

    inadequacy of specie reserves, 644;

    proposed independent audit of banks, 644, 648-9;

    functions and powers of Canadian Bankers’ Association, 645-6, 649-50;

    expansion (1900-13), 646-7;

    recent disastrous bank failures, 648-50;

    decimal currency made applicable to whole Dominion, 650;

    coinage standard value altered (1910), 650;

    Canadian branch of Royal Mint established (1908), 650-1;

    silver and bronze coins as legal tender, 651;

    United States coins that are legal tender, 651 n.;

    functions of banking system, 652-60;

    development of banking since Confederation, 9 136, 281;

    Finance department and, 7 505-6.

  See also under individual names of banks.

Currie, Archibald. Selkirk colonist who evaded expulsion from Red River, 19 33 and n.

Currie, Walter. Congregational foreign missionary, 11 384.

Curry, Silver. His discovery of scheelite in Nova Scotia, 14 699.

Curry, Thomas. A pioneer British trader in the West, 4 643.

Curry, Thomas. His discovery of scheelite in Nova Scotia, 14 699.

Curtis, Benjamin R. Umpire in boundary compensation arbitration (1863), 8 877.

Curtis, H. H. Supervisor of French teaching at Montreal, 16 481.

Curtis, Smith. Minister of Mines of British Columbia, 21 225.

Curzon, Sarah Anne (1833-98). Author of Laura Secord, 12 587, 660.

Cushing, Elmer. Leader of land settlement association at Shipton, 15 152.

Cushing, William Henry (b. 1852). Minister of Public Works of Alberta, 19 275;

  resignation of, 277.

Cushings, of Lachute. Loyalist immigrants, 15 158.

Custom of Paris. See Seigneurial System.

Cut Knife Hill. Colonel Otter repulsed at, 6 102, 11 170;

  number of Indians in the fight, 7 600.

Cutten, George Barton (b. 1874). President of Acadia College, 11 358.

Cutts, Mrs C. Spurr. Canadian artist, 12 627.

Cutts, W. Canadian artist, 12 624.

Cuvillier, Augustin (d. 1849). Witness before Canada Committee, 3 306;

  withdraws support from Papineau, 312.

Cuyler, Abraham (1742-1810). Ambushed at Point Pelee, 3 62;

  in charge of necessitous loyalists, 15 145, 148.

Cuyler, Cornelius (d. 1807). Loyalist inhabitant of Montreal, 15 148.

Cypress Hills. Massacre of Indians by American traders at, 20 286.